History of Policing Essay

The function of policing has played a considerable role in American history. The policing occupation has worked toward protecting citizens’ rights and helping America to become the free nation it is today. The United States of America is built from the U.S. Constitution and its Bill of Rights, from this document we gather the rules of policing and make sure that every Americans rights are met. The evolutions of policing practices that officers have learned have changed American history for the better. As new problems in society arise, police must change and adapt to protect and serve the public. Early American policing strategies were based off of a similar British model. Law enforcement was not well organized or structured until 1200 A.D., after that time offenders were being pursued by an organized posse. In those times offenders were caught be the organized posse and were usually tortured and faced public execution. Rarely were the criminals or the accused of this time given the right to fair trail, and were not considered innocent until proven guilty like the laws we have today state, it was the other way around, where citizens that were accused of crimes were guilty before any evidence or testimony were ever provided. One of the earliest forms of policing came about in English cities and towns and were called night watches.(Schmalleger, 2009). The primary purpose of a night watch was to watch out for fires and thievery. There was also a day watch which basically was the same job as night watch, but in the day. Eventually this form of policing led to a written law being proposed in 1285 called the Statute of Winchester. This law created a watch and ward system that gave early watches a systems and structure to form themselves around. This law gave early English towns the policing practices and guidelines needed to produce a stable society, free of criminal activities, allowing the towns the type of policing that they needed to thrive. The Statute of Winchester law consisted of four main points, things that were specific to the watch of that town, the mandating of age eligible men to serve, institutionalizing the use of the hue and cry, and for answering the call of duty. Prior structuring and laws such as the Statue of Winchester propelled law enforcement into its future when prime minister of England Sir Robert Peel formed the world’s first modern police force. Peel’s model of new police became the model for police all across the globe. He formed the police with more of a military outline; giving uniforms for better origination and structure. Early American leaders followed the day and night watch approach, later American leaders followed Sir Robert Peel method, which is what American policing still utilize today. New technological advances and social reform for policing were brought about in the twentieth century. The invention of automobiles, telephones, and radios were developments of the twentieth century, which have helped police officers with their communications, speed of investigations and coordination of efforts. Automobiles allowed police a quick responds and allowed them to serve greater areas. Radios and telephones allowed for the communication and coordination of efforts between police officers. Teddy Roosevelt contributed his part of advancement of the policing system by organizing the FBI and helping to promote the first call box system, which is closely associated with the 911 system used today. The political era (1840s-1930) was an era that policing organizations were more concerned with the interest of powerful politicians rather than the rights and laws of the people. The next eras of policing came from 1930s-1970s where police became increasingly concerned with solving of more traditional style of crimes. The time from the 1970s to the end of the twentieth century is considered to be the third period of policing and the most contemporary of policing practices, acting on policing of each community. Finally present day policing is or the modern era has given way to that of homeland security, which grew after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack on the United States. All levels of law enforcement agencies, local; state; and federal have devoted more time and effort toward the protection of our nation and homeland security, in an effort to thwart any future attacks. Local, state, and federal law enforcement are tasked with the enforcement of the laws. Federal law enforcement agencies are government agencies whose primary function is the protection and enforcement of federal laws. State law enforcement agencies were created for specified set of needs. State law enforcement was built from one of two models. The first model combines major criminal investigations with the patrolling of state highways. The second model is the culmination of two functions which consist of traffic enforcement and other laws that need upheld. Today’s duties of the modern state policing are to assist local law enforcement in criminal investigations, operate identification bureaus, maintain criminal records repository, patrol states highways, and provide training for municipals and county officers. Today they have also stepped up to a role of homeland security, for identifying precursors to acts of terrorism. The third level of law enforcement is that of the local policing authorities, i.e. county sheriffs or town marshals. City and county agencies are both part of the local level, mayors or city council appoint the officers to their offices and their jurisdictions are limited only to the boundary of their communities. Sheriffs are responsible for law enforcement in unincorporated areas and for the operation of the county jail. Local police play their role in the new era of homeland security as well by ascertaining the changes in the community that are out of place or unusual. Local police help do this task by interacting with the public, and constantly patrolling neighborhoods and other parts of their community. The increases of population, crime, and the advancement of technologies have challenged our policing forces but it has also allowed it to make necessary changes and advancements in law enforcement evolve with the times, with each generation of Americans we continue to increase our knowledge, experience and technological advances. The structure and technologies of the policing may change over a given time but the ideal of protecting and serving the community will not. With increasing threats on the rise, the police force must be capable and flexible. Making sure they have the most innovative technologies to oppose impending threats and overcome the future challenges that may lie ahead. Reference Schmalleger, F. (2009). Criminal Justice Today: an Introductory Text for the 21st Century (10th ed.). New York, NY: Prentice-Hall. 2007. â€Å"DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY: Progress Report on Implementation of Mission and Management Functions.† GAO Reports i. MasterFILE Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed June 12, 2011). Dodsworth, F. M. (2008). The Idea of Police in Eighteenth-Century England: Discipline, Reformation, Superintendence, c. 1780-1800. Journal of the History of Ideas, 69(4), 583-604. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Scott, J. E. (2010). Evolving Strategies: A Historical Examination of Changes in Principle, Authority and Function to Inform Policing in the Twenty-First Century. Police Journal, 83(2), 126-163. doi:10.1350/pojo.2010.83.2.490

Why Did William Win The Battle of Hastings? Essay

William won the Battle of Hastings in 1066. He won because of his planning and leadership as well luck and having a big and strong army. Planning helped William a lot because he knew that if he made Harold Godwinson and his Saxon army travelled from the north of England to the south of England, where the Normans had set their camp up, then the Saxons would be very tired whilst the Normans would be rested. He also knew that once the bad winds had stopped, his army could cross safely without the Saxons to stop them for they were in the north of England fighting Harold Hadrada. This was also to do with luck. Whilst the battle was going on, William thought up a plan. He ordered his men to pretend to retreat down the hill and used the rumor of him being dead to help him as well. William’s leadership and skill helped him a lot because he commanded his men very well and had an army eager to fight. William kept control all through the battle by speaking to his troops and fighting at the front. He had also gotten the pope, Alexander II to support him. William was given a banner from the pope saying that William’s attack on England was a holy crusade, which is another word for battle. Harold Godwinson had also shown great skill because he had positioned his men on Senlac hill, which made it harder for the Normans to get to them, and commanded his me to form a large shield wall that protected them from the Normans. Although he had made some mistakes. When Harold had heard that William had landed on the other side of England, he had decided to go straight to him and gather some troops instead of waiting for a bigger army and getting a short rest. He had also not thought about the Normans’ arrows, as they were long range, so they could pick off Saxons at a long distance Preparation played a part in Williams’s victory because he had set up a camp for his army and made sure his men trained for the battle. They also had time to rest and gather food in preparation. Harold Godwinson and his army had less time to prepare and were extremely tired as they had to walk to the south of England. They had less time to prepare food and spent the night without sleep or rest. Luck helped William a little bit because the bad weather stopped while Harold Godwilson was fighting Harold Hadrada. Harold Godwinson was lucky as well because if the bad winds had stopped earlier then he would have to have fought two battles. Luck also helped William because there was a rumor going around that he was killed in battle and his  men started retreating, but then William lifted his visor and the Norman army charged back up Senlac Hill. William kept using that on all sides of the hill. William won because of his planning and leadership. If William had not planned then he might not have won the battle and his men would have gone charging straight into the battle and the Saxons would have killed them all. If William did not have good leadership either, then his troops will not of been well disciplined and well trained and it is likely that he would not of fought in the front and his men would’ve lost concentration. A lot of people thought that luck was one of the main things that cause William to win the battle of Hastings but I don’t because if William had gone into battle with bad leadership and no planning then it would be possible that the rumor never happened because the Normans would have been defeated for they were not ready. Luck did help though because the bad wind stopped so that William could land whilst Harold Godwilson was fighting.

Contemporary Issues in the Real Estate and Impact of a Business Man Essay

Contemporary Issues in the Real Estate and Impact of a Business Man - Essay Example With the great interest and focus I have in real-estate business, I would majorly want to venture into lean upscale store investment as part of the real-estate portfolio I seek to build. This will make it possible to tap on the newly developing market segment in the real estate, which is spelling doom for the traditionally expansive and blotted office and tenant spaces3. Thus, my focus would be to venture in the real-estate development that specifically invests in shopping centers and malls that are strategically located in upscale neighborhoods, which are partitioned into lean stores and tenant spaces. This will enable my real-estate portfolio to take advantage of the increasing demand for lean store tenant spaces, while at the same time enabling my tenants to take advantage of the increasing online shopping trend for the retail customers. The issue of lean-store tenant space is important to me since my focus and business acumen is majorly on the real-estate business, which I seek to expand and move internationally. Online retail shopping is a globally developing customer trend. Therefore, focusing my real-estate portfolio on the construction of commercial structures offering lean tenant spaces is a facilitative strategy both for the future sustainability of my real-estate business as well as for the retail business seeking to enhance the online shopping experience for their customers. This way, building a real-estate business that is focused on upscale lean-tenant space stores development will ensure that my real estate business will have an advantage of offering low-cost renting retail spaces, thus attracting more retail businesses and increasing the demand for my real-estate portfolio in the increasingly competitive real-estate business world.

Gambling From a Utilitarian and Deontology Point of View Essay

Gambling From a Utilitarian and Deontology Point of View - Essay Example According to the study deontological and Utilitarian theories do not essentially forbid the involvement of gambling as a moral wrong but they show a moral basis which one should consider when deciding whether to dive into gambling or not. The moral status of actions relies on the character of God i.e. what is right and wrong in the eyes of God contrary to Utilitarianism that reflects the will and desires of man. Deontology may adjudicate gambling as honorably wrong. This is the case even in occurrences where nobody is hurt as a result of the act and actually successful results were achieved. Deontology submits that being honest is always right and mainly checks the action. Utilitarian school of thought on the other hand is seen as a hunt of one’s interests where one avoids pain and runs after that which makes them happy. Sometimes Utilitarian thinking cannot be avoided, but there are instances where consideration for other people should be taken up as a boundary so as to avoid purposely stepping on other’s toes to obtain one’s pleasure. Happiness is always a good thing and people consider it before they partake in an action or make the decision on whether to act or not. If there is something wrong in doing a certain act such as gambling, then this cannot be the purpose of pleasure as it should result into happiness. Therefore, gambling cannot be viewed as moral on the mere ground that people enjoy it. This is in accordance to Utilitarian views but there is the aftermath of gambling where a gambler becomes addicted. The Utilitarian proponent pursues the experience of the moment when the act is being done as it brings pleasure but they do not take into account what the gambler shall go through especially if they become hooked to gambling. Petrenko and McArthur in their work, High Stakes Gambling with Unknown Outcomes: Justifying the Precautionary Principle submit that, when actions done by people may lead to moral danger that should not be ac cepted, actions must be taken to avoid such harm. Gambling affects people of all walks of life, be they old or young, and this is irrespective of what their gambling is about. The problem is not the act of gambling that brings pleasure at the time but mainly its consequences afterwards. Gambling is tied with addiction and even violent scenarios that rarely end well. In the game of gambling, there is also trickery involved and this goes against deontological values that view for truth pointing out that one should keep their promise. The case of gambling is one against honesty and morality on one hand and pleasure on the other hand. As a common weakness of human nature, many people tend to go more for pleasure and towards the easy way out as opposed to that which is moral. Deontology propagates an array of competing theories on what decides the moral status of an action, whether the action is right or wrong.

Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research Methods - Essay Example The main purpose of these industries is to develop products that could be used in everyday life and produce more and more employment opportunities. The research involves finding potential problems in the present products used and resolving them by upgrading them or using new products. The researchers found the flexibility of a product enables it to be used by more clients. Another important factor probably the most important one is the cost. If the final product is expensive there will be only few takers for it. Therefore research has been done to use cost effective applications. Another important feature developed by the researchers was reverse engineering. In reverse engineering the work is done from final stage to the initial stage. The main purpose of reverse engineering is to extract the code from the final product, working on the final product to the scratch. By using reverse engineering technique one can extract their competitors application and introduce own application in the market accordingly. Qualitative research methods are more often used as it involves observation of data that helps in finding solutions to the problems. Qualitative research has been categorised into three categories named as positivist, interpretive and critical. Positivist research methods

The Basis for Proper Gender Relations among Jews and in Judaism Essay - 6

The Basis for Proper Gender Relations among Jews and in Judaism - Essay Example The origin of God: Judaism stands on a firm monotheism and faith in one single and inseparable God and they believe that His unity started a long time in their Jewish traditions. They believe that He is the creator of the cosmos and all that the world has .due to this they came to build proper gender relation because they are both (male and female) created in the image and likeness of God (Bleich 23). The scripture also stands out has the key basis for proper gender and relations and this because the Hebrew Bible sometimes called the Tanakh is the Jewish scriptural canon and essential source of Jewish regulation because all the ethical and proper commands of the teachers of the law are found in it. The scripture teaches people to relate well to others and it forbids discrimination. Reward and punishment also stand to be the basis of proper gender relation. Jewish outlook is that God will recompense those who adhere to His commandments and discipline those who deliberately disobey them.

Intro to Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Intro to Philosophy - Essay Example The present paper will uncover the claims of science wherein it does not acknowledge the existence of souls. Moreover, the current study will also take the adage of the religious side wherein they hardly believe with their fundamental faith to a supernatural human being as the master of souls. Thence, every single question to what composes the soul with its possible or impossible existence will be recovered in this paper as the questions will then serve as a justification with regard to how the unanswered questions reveal the perspective of this paper. Scientific Claims â€Å"God did not create life, science created life† (Sanders 237). Such line adheres to the importance of science. It opposes the religious rites and faith of the Christian society. However, the science claims that the evolution itself speaks of how a person could be influenced to what the people in the society dictate which could made them think of a wishful unstoppable life with the concept of soul (Grange 1 6). The scientific studies claim the connection of one’s mental usage of mind in which people use this for the purpose of thinking outside the boundaries of what one loves to think about (Goetz and Taliaferro 152). Accordingly, the soul does not exist because the body makes its own physical features worthy enough to be used as actions will be made and as a person could be able to act what is accordingly reasonable with purpose. Asma claimed that it is the way of science that soul is unclear and unknown because scientists could not prove or see it even in a microscopic way (qtd. in Goetz and Taliaferro 157). The field of science does not believe that a certain word or thing could exist when evidence is not seen. Science did not see anything that would serve as a proof like how invisible the soul is towards how the humanity exists. They believe that souls are definite in terms of how an individual’s mental set of mind primes the body on the proper actions that must be ta ken. Scientists then perceive that soul is just part of a person’s mental structuring in which the body could interact with (Goetz and Taliaferro 157). This could mean that scientists believed that it is the choice and option of every human being to think how soul can be interpreted in one’s set of beliefs. They tend to mean that people dictate their minds to choose on what is proper and inappropriate to believe. To believe in the existence of the soul that would be independent from one’s own body distinguishes that a person believes even when he does not see it. This is what science contradicts about because they could only hear the soul in the dictates of every human being, and they could not justify it in the means of their own practical activities and measurements. Religious Claims What the science claims is contradictory in the field of religion. St. Thomas Aquinas and St. Augustine believed that souls are independent from the body because of the omnipresen t God (Goetz and Taliaferro 30). Christian testaments (old) before in the Christian Medieval period emphasized this notion that souls are not snared inside the body. Religious faiths believe that souls are free and endless because God is the ultimate beholder of it. Every human being deserves to be less humane when death came across their lives because the religion took beneath on what the supernatural power of God condemns. Religion believes that

Administering the questionnaire survey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Administering the questionnaire survey - Essay Example phical limitations they may put into effect on the surveys and the vast resources needed if such surveys need to be done nationally or internationally. The cost of training interviewers in questioning methods, traveling cost, and interpretation of response is also high. In addition, respondents might feel apprehensive about the ambiguity of their responses when they interact face-to-face interviews. In long interviews, either tiredness or edginess can affect the quality of responses as the interview progresses. Interviewers must be willing to face potentially unlikable and risky situations alone, be able to come up to strangers and need to have the personal skills to conduct an interview. Face-to-face interview can be negatively affected by the noticeable characteristics (gender, race, class) of an interviewer. For example, there might be different responses on questions such as abortion and attitudes to sexual mores if there is gender difference. However, the advantage of face-to-face interview is that the interviewer has got the flexibility of adjusting questions as per the situation, clarify doubts, if any, and ensure that the responses are properly understood by repeating the questions. Moreover, the interviewer can also use non-verbal cues from the respondent. Any embarrassment or stress experienced by the respondent can be felt through frowns, and other body language, unconsciously exhibited by any person. Telephone interviews are interviews that are held over the phone. Telephone interviews involve making telephone contact with selected sample members and asking the questions over the phone. Telephone interview methods allow skilled interviewers to build rapport yet maintain considerable respondent anonymity. The main disadvantage of telephone interview is that the respondent could unilaterally terminate the interview without warning or explanation by hanging up the phone. It requires skilled professionals who could interact with the respondent in a

Bib 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bib 8 - Essay Example According to the Acts, Peter had to flee from Jerusalem after the threats of persecution by King Agrippa and spent his time henceforth traveling and building churches all over. There is mention of Peter returning to the church in Jerusalem later but not much account has been given of him other than that in the Acts. Peter’s writings indicate that he was on missionary work in the areas of Asia Minor and also in Rome, working with Mark to translate his experiences with Christ and document the teachings and history (Niswonger, 1992). Peter’s ministry was mainly to the Jews. Peter’s First Epistle was written from Rome and addressed to people in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia and Bithynia (Barlee, 1837). The issues raised by Peter mainly comprised the church persecution. Also, Peter detailed his own understanding of apostolic ethic. Peter’s second letter was addressed presumably to the same churches but the topic under discussion was the false teachers in the church. In the final years of his life, Paul saw the killing of his wife, was thrown into the Mamertine prison where he converted his jailers, was subjected to immense torture and was killed in 67AD by Nero (McBirnie). According to the Galatians, apostle John was in Jerusalem in the about 49AD where he rose to a position of great influence in Christianity; shortly after the Roman destruction of Jerusalem, he moved to Ephesus (McBirnie) and stayed till his last years as a leader in the Ephesians church (Niswonger). Here under the Roman king’s decision, John was exiled to an island called Patmos where he was presented with the sacred book of Revelation and he recorded the events in New Testament book of Revelation (McBirnie) along with John’s letters. John addresses the people as the pastor and the apostle in a very personal manner and refers to himself as the ‘elder’. The main subject

Adult Health Nurse Practioner Essay Example for Free

Adult Health Nurse Practioner Essay Due to the rapid changes and complexity in healthcare, nurses are pursuing higher education and specialized training. This specialized training has produced what we now call advance practice nurses. Advance practice nurses can function independently or in partnership with other physicians. These nurses play a vital role in healthcare. There are four types of advance practice nurses; clinical nurse specialist, nurse anesthetist, nurse midwives, and nurse practitioners. The role of the nurse practitioner has changed from being an assistant to meeting the healthcare needs of patients when no physician is available. Nurse practitioners may specialize in a variety of settings, but are not limited to; primary care, acute care, palliative care, infectious disease, and gerontology. Becoming a nurse practitioner requires a Master of Science in nursing, post masters, or Doctor of nursing practice (Britt, 2012). The services provided by nurse practitioners include; diagnosing and treating health problems, adult and well child checks, prescribing medications, teaching health promotion while promoting disease prevention (Britt, 2012). Healthcare reform which has led to increase accessibility of healthcare has created more opportunities for nurse practitioners in the primary care setting (AAON, 2014). Nurse practitioners are visible in the acute and critical care settings. In the acute setting, they are using evidence based practice to manage care of the critically ill (AAON, 2014). According to the American Association of Nurses, â€Å"nurse practitioners are more likely to adhere to clinical practice guidelines that improve patient outcomes (AAON, 2014). Nurse practitioners tent to engage patients in their care by helping them understand t and measures they can take for improvements (Britt, 2012). Despite the enormous contributions nurse practitioners are giving to healthcare, there are barriers to the potential of what a nurse practitioner can give back to their community. The state scope of practice laws are the most significant (Naylor, Kurtzman, 2010). These laws govern practice and prescriptive authority. There are some states more restrictive than  others. Reimbursement is another issue affecting nurse practitioners. There are legal concerns regarding reimbursement for services provided by nurse practitioners (Perry, 2009). Other barriers NPs face include; poor physician attitude, lack of respect, and poor communication. The poor physician attitude may be due to lack of physician knowledge regarding the role of the nurse practitioner (Clarin, 2009). When there is difficulty understanding the NPs role, then there is difficulty with collaboration, which in turn affects the patient. As the scope of practice for nurse practitioners varies from state to state, the nurse practitioners role is becoming more dominant due to the demands because more people are able to afford healthcare. It is imperative for barriers to be removed that would allow NPs to use their training and education to the fullest. Nurse practitioners are an essential component to the healthcare team and medical community. With such emphasis being placed on preventive care, nurse practitioners will be recognized as an asset. References Naylor, Kurtzman, E. (2010), The Role of Nurse Practitioner in Reinventing Primary Care. Health Affairs, 29 893-899 doi:10.1377/hlthaff 2010.0440 Clarin, O. (2009), Strategies to Overcome Barriers to Effective Nurse Practitioner Physician Collaboration, Journal for Nurse Practitioners. 3(8) 538-548 Britt, D. (2012), Family Nurse Practitioner in Primary Care. The Parenting Issue 23 Perry, J. (2009), The Rise and Impact of Nurse Practitioners and Physician Assistants. Economic Policy, 27 491-511 doi:10.1111/j.1465-7287.2009.00162.x

The Function Analysis System Technique Construction Essay

The Function Analysis System Technique Construction Essay I have been employed by the University of Salford as a project management consultant. The University is considering constructing a new building call Clifford Whitworth library building 2(CWLB2) This new building will be identical to the existing Clifford Whitworth Library Building (CWLB1) and will be attached to the north end of the conference centre building next to CWLB1 on an existing grassed area. The new Clifford withworth library building will be a mirror image of CWLB1 with regard to its horizontal plan and height dimensions. In this situation, the University is keen to maximise value or eliminating any unnecessary costs on any new building projects when the current economic climate is given. It also wants an environmentally sustainable building which can obtain a high BREEAM rating The picture in above show the current Clifford Whitworth Library existing building and the new proposed library building. Project brief for Task A In this Task, I have to produce a report such as value engineering analysis of the existing CWLB 1 building and identified of functional components of the building with approximate cost breakdown and 80/20 histogram, other than that, I have to analyse the 4 major components such as roof, floor and wall etc. And detail analysis in combined scoring matrix of 1 major component, with explanation and justification of criteria and alternatives. The cost plan show at the below is the cost for Clifford whitworth Library building 1 is  £ 5,417,936.52. In this project, I have use BCIS analysis 21757, 22865 and 21620 to analyze the cost of element or price per meter square for this specification material. In lieu of this I have used external quotations for a number of the elements, and Spons Architectural Price Book 2010 for the balance. The Clifford Whitworth Library building 1 project taken in BCIS which located at Greater Manchester. The cost analysis will therefore need general adjustments for inflation and location factors. Inflation can be dealt with by using a tender price . According to the BCIS for Elemental analysis number 21757 in 2002, the cost per m2 for roof is  £42.43 and the cost is  £12,134, The Tender price value show the proposed project from the BCIS is 182(1Q2002) and the current is 209(4Q2010) .The variation factors are currently 91 for Greater Manchester and 107 for the Berkshire. All these data can be obtained from BCIS. Using the above information, the cost analysis can be adjusted as follows: Updated cost analysis = cost analyisis X current tender price index/regional price tender X Greater Manchester regional index/ Berkshire regional index = 42.43 X 209/182 X 91/107 Revised Cost analysis =  £41.44 x 5381.52 m2 =  £ 223,010.19 Specification for cost plan Clifford Whitworth Library Building 1 Element Specification 1 Substructure PCC driven piles. Concrete pile caps, ground beams and 150mm slab. 2A Frame PCC columns supporting upper floor; steel/timber supporting rafters. 2B Upper floors RC upper floors on permanent formwork. 2C Roof 270m2 mono-pitched metal clad library roof; 69m2 metal clad plywood decking on timber rafters. Langley roofing to entrance (25m2). Aluminium rainwater pipes. 2D Stairs Ditto, basement to second floor 2E External walls Rendered block/block walls; larch Rainscreen cladding; double glazed aluminium curtain walling. 2F Windows and external doors Double glazed powder coated aluminium windows. Oak panelled entrance doors; aluminium louvred doors to plant room. 2G Internal walls and partitions Block and metal stud partitions. PCC walls to lift and stairs; 2No glazed timber lightwells to 1st floor. 2H Internal doors Ash veneered flush doors. 3A Wall finishes Plaster and emulsion; high level acoustic panels. 3B Floor finishes Vinyl sheet, tufted loop pile carpet and non-slip ceramic tile floorings. 3C Ceiling finishes Veneer to underside of roof panels. Plasterboard, timber and other suspended ceilings. 4 Fittings Fittings 5A Sanitary appliances White vitreous china sanitaryware; Doc M pack. 5C Disposal installations Soil and waste pipes. 5D Water installations Hot and cold water services. 5F Space heating and air treatment Gas fired low temperature hot water central heating. Air handling unit and VRV air conditioning. 5G Ventilating systems Extract ventilation to toilets and kitchen. Natural ventilation. 5H Electrical installations Electric light and power. Emergency lighting. 5J Lift and conveyor installations 10-person, 800kg; 3 stops; 0.75m/s; 5K Protective installations Lightning protection. 5L Communications installations Fire detection and alarm. CCTV, data and telephone cables; PA. 5M Special installations Rainwater harvesting; BMS. 5N Builders work in connection Builders work in connection with services. 6A Site works Excavation to reduce levels. Concrete block paviours. 6B Drainage Foul and surface water drainage. 6C External services Gas, water, electricity mains. External lighting. 7 Preliminaries 8% of remainder of Contract Sum (excluding Contingencies). 8 Contingencies 4.41% of remainder of Contract Sum (excluding Preliminaries). Histogram The Histogram for old Clifford Whitworth library building 1 show that the percentage from the element of the total cost of the building, the histogram show that the electrical installation cost the most in Clifford Withworth Library Building, they cost 9.54% of the total cost of the building, they cost  £516,787.37. External walls are ranked second in the chart, they cost 9.33% of the total cost of the building, they cost  £505,432.36. Frame is the third highest in the chart, they cost 9.29% of the total cost of the building. The Fitting and furnishings are the lowest percentage of the Clifford Withworth library building 1, they cost only 0.11% of the 100% of the building, they cost only  £6,027.30, the Disposal Installation are the second lowest in the chart, they cost only 0.20% of the building, last but not least, Gas installation are the third lowest in the chart, they cost approximately 0.21 % The 4 major components i choose is roof, external wall, framce and upper floor. Function Analysis System Technique (F.A.S.T. Diagram) in Roof Aluminium Timber Material Precast concrete Rain Protect the building Heat, sunlight Acquire medium BREEAM rating Sustainably Roof Heat insulation Cold Noise Durability Cost Life Cycle Cost According to the FAST diagram, roof most common material is Aluminium and precast concrete, Steel and timber. Most of the Roof are normally protects against the rain, other than that, the roof also can protect the sunlight or heat and wind, the rating BREEAM for Sustainably will be medium. The insulation of the Roof is they can prevent the heat, cold and the noise. F.A.S.T. Diagram in External wall Roof Support Ceiling Area Protect the building External Wall Acquire high BREEAM Building Sustainably Noise Insulation Durability Cost According to the FAST diagram, External wall use to support the Roof and ceiling, they also can protect the building area when external wall have installed. The rating BREEAM Building for the suitainably is high. They also have a advantages on the insulation, they can prevent the noise and wind F.A.S.T. Diagram in Frame Timber Reinforced concrete material Steel construction Frame Fast Good in fire resistance sustainable design easier navigation maintain According to the FAST diagram, Frame most common material is Timber, Reinforced concrete and steel, frame are very fast in construction process, they are very good in sustainable and last but not least, frame also can make the easier to navigate and the frame also can make it easier to design and maintain your site. F.A.S.T Diagram in upper floor. Timber Reinforced Concrete Material Steel Sound Insulation Upper floor Fast Construction Good in fire resistance Sustainable According to the FAST diagram, Upper floor most common material is timber, reinforced concrete and steel, Upper floor are very good insulation in Sound, the Upper floor are very fast in construction process, they are very good in fire resistance and sustainable. Combined Scoring matrix in the external wall Critiria Combined matrix A Initial Cost A2 B Maintenance Cost A4 B3 A3 C Aesthetics B2 A2 D3 B2 A3 D Insulation properties E2 B3 D2 F2 E Time for construction D2 E2 F Durability G G F E D C B A Exterior wall Alternatives Raw score ( ) ( 2 ) ( 2+2 ) ( 2+2+3 ) (0) (3+2+2+3) (2+4+3++2+3) 2 4 7 0 10 14 Analysis matrix Weight of importance (1-10) 1 3 5 1 7 10 1 Glazed curtain wall 2 3 3 4 1 1 47 2 9 15 4 7 10 3 Metal panel 2 3 3 3 1 2 56 2 9 15 3 7 20 4 Solid concrete block wall 3 2 4 2 4 3 89 3 6 20 2 28 30 According to the combined scoring matrix, we are concerned more on the cost and time instead of design in Clifford Whitworth library building 1, the combined scoring matrix show that which type of the external wall is the best choice for the new proposal building in term of the criteria matrix, In the end, the brick and block wall are the best choice for alternative to proposed the new Clifford whitworth library building with a score of 89 points. Project brief for task 2 In this report, we have to do the new proposal for the 4 components which selected in task 1 to improve the quality and cost of the building to propose the new Clifford Whitworth Library Building with explanation, structure and presentation. The 4 major components to propose the new building is roof, external wall, frame and upper floor. Roof Reinforced concrete are the best choice for the new Clifford Whitworth Library building, they are construct in the similar way as reinforced concrete floors beam and insitu cast concrete slab. Roofs are normally to support the self weight of the roof together with loading from heat, snow and rain, the roof also can prevent the wind pressure as well. The concrete roofs are normally constructed in flat roof, and library has no doubt to construct in flat roof. R.Greeno (2007) stated that The Strength for the reinforced concrete itself has compressive strength. The crushing strength of normal concrete will depend on its composition. The concrete are normally weak in tension, its strength in this respect being only one fourteenth to one eighth of its compressive strength. Wall According to the Combined scoring matrix, solid concrete block wall are the best choice to proposed the new building. A solid concrete block wall is the filled solid with concrete and lightweight concrete blocks. As different to produce a concrete wall where the wall must be created from wood and poured with concrete, then the forms have to be removed, then the concrete block wall can be constructed more fast and easier because of the material construction. The solid concrete block wall have many advantages such as the wall is very solid in sustainable, other than that, they can over a formed and poured concrete wall. When the concrete walls formed, the wooden form built from plywood have been constructed, they are always subject to misalignment, even after they have been squared and leveled, because of the flexible nature of the wood. The solid concrete block walls are good in sound insulation. which means the solid concrete block walls are suitable to construct in the library . the solid concrete block wall are good in fire resistant, which means the building not easily to get burnt. Frame Frame most common material is Timber, Reinforced concrete and steel, but steel framed are the most suitable frame structured for the new building, the designed for steel framed is the connection between the separated member treated as either non-rigid or fully rigid joints. Steel are made under factory conditions are subject to british standards. The strength of a steel frame is controlled and established during manufacture. On fire resistance, steel frame have no doubt with the fire resistance, but the still will get weaker in strength when the temperature hit 299 Celsius above. In construction process, still frame can reduced up to 50% compare to the traditional methods, in this result, steel frame can reduces cost during construction process. Steel frames can live straight, but the timber only can move and warp, twist and shrink during and after construction. This considerably reduces in progress maintenance, as there are less call backs for things like plasterboard cracking or framing popping. Steel framing can span long distances, allowing greater design flexibility. Interior walls can be placed without load-bearing considerations compared to timber framing and other framing. Upper floor Last but not least, Concrete Upper floor is my best options to propose the library because they are good in sound insulation between floor to floor, Concrete Upper floor also good in fire resistant, they can ranging for half and hour to 1 hour depend on the floor type. The concrete upper floor have a good quality, the concrete floor can be act as a thermal store which can reduce in the heating price especially the floor heating systems are used. The precast concrete floor can span longer than timber floor, the precast concrete can small span up to 4.6 m in one- way span. Referencing http://www.ehow.com/about_6522371_advantages-solid-concrete-block-wall.html

And He Bringeth Up :: Personal Narrative Emotions Papers

Honorable Mention And He Bringeth Up Memory stumbles in the head; The sunlight flickers once upon The massive shafts of Babylon And ragged phrases in a flock Settle softly, shock by shock. --Unknown I glanced over my shoulder to see if they were coming. It was a pleasant day--a little too hot, at least for my taste, but otherwise the blue sky and milky clouds made a perfect day for a sun-lover. The group was lingering at the statues, black and dark green sculptures of brilliant people doing very important things. What, we couldn't be sure, but they were obviously very important. The ivy hung on the tall sandstone arch, a clock peeking out of the green. Again, I turned to see if my peers were following, and they were, reluctantly. I quickened my pace, anxious to see the place. It had only been a year, but it felt like much longer. I bent over and rested my hand on the sun-baked ground. It was too hot to take off my sandals and feel the hardened grains against my toes, but at least I was there. I stepped onto the hard, man-fashioned nature and raised my eyes to heaven. Everything was still there--the palm trees with their sometimes-dangling leaves. The old buildings, all created with the same sandy brick, surrounding the area. The darkened star in the heart of the ground. But mostly, the church was the same. The gold-plated surface shone, not like it did at night, but in its own daytime way. I always thought it so ironic that the soul of such a liberal university was this cross-topped chapel in memory of Christ and those who would never forget him. I never got to go in there, I thought. I always wanted to, but I never did. ORANGES GO TO THE OPERA Go back and tie your hair, said my mother, and Why is your mouth all green? Rob Roy, he pulled some clover, as we crossed the field, I told her. --May Swenson That carpet always reminded me of very soft, very white corn-on-the-cob that had been scraped off, perfectly intact, and laid on the ground where I would sit and watch TV in the morning before I went to school. Mom would come in and bring me breakfast and I would watch Dennis the Menace or Gem and the Rockers or, on that day, Sesame Street. Shoshermosher was with me then, watching Sesame Street, eating breakfast in the living room.

The Gender Battle in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay -- Frankenstein

The Gender Battle in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein The fight for domination amongst the sexes is a battle as old as civilization, where the ideas of gender hierarchies first began. These conflicts often manifest themselves unwittingly through literature, showing subtle signs of deeper tension that has ensued for centuries. The struggle between masculine and feminine becomes apparent through Frankenstein, a battle that results in the death of the potentially most powerful figure in the book. Frankenstein yields characters motivated by complicated thinking, specifically the title character, Victor Frankenstein. Victor is a brilliant 19th century Swiss scientist who succeeds in generating life with electricity, creating a creature that eventually turns on his master and begins a reign of terror wherever he roams. Understanding Victor in relation to feminist studies is possible through examining his actions regarding the monster’s request of Frankenstein to fashion him a partner. Unable to win the love of his maker, Frankenstein, or his makeshift step brother, man, the monster believes the only being capable of loving him would be a creature equally horrifying as himself. Frankenstein initially refuses to comply with the demand because of guilt he already feels for the evil his monster has done. Eventually moved to pity, Frankenstein agrees to design a female on the grounds that she and her mate will "quit the neighbourhood of man" and never be seen again (Shelley 144). Victor partially completes the project before he "[tears] the thing to pieces," reasoning that he cannot have any part of making another creature who, like her mate, could become a "curse upon mankind" (Shelley 144-145). His decision seems noble to the reader, as we... ...ect mankind, but rather a wish to keep order in the masculine world. Destroying the female monster ensures that there is no feminine force created the male counterpart cannot combat, be that Victor or the monster. The female monster is a symbol in Frankenstein of an unstoppable feminine force. Only through the demise of such a character is Victor Frankenstein assured that he has not allowed that force to commandeer the control he and mankind have over femininity. Works Cited Kiely, Robert. The Romantic Novel in England, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1972. Liggins, Emma 2000. 'The Medical Gaze and the Female Corpse: Looking at Bodies in Shelley's Frankenstein' Studies in the Novel, number 32: 129-146 Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. Ed. D.L. Macdonald and Kathleen Scherf. Peterborough: Broadview Press, 1994. The Gender Battle in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein Essay -- Frankenstein The Gender Battle in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein The fight for domination amongst the sexes is a battle as old as civilization, where the ideas of gender hierarchies first began. These conflicts often manifest themselves unwittingly through literature, showing subtle signs of deeper tension that has ensued for centuries. The struggle between masculine and feminine becomes apparent through Frankenstein, a battle that results in the death of the potentially most powerful figure in the book. Frankenstein yields characters motivated by complicated thinking, specifically the title character, Victor Frankenstein. Victor is a brilliant 19th century Swiss scientist who succeeds in generating life with electricity, creating a creature that eventually turns on his master and begins a reign of terror wherever he roams. Understanding Victor in relation to feminist studies is possible through examining his actions regarding the monster’s request of Frankenstein to fashion him a partner. Unable to win the love of his maker, Frankenstein, or his makeshift step brother, man, the monster believes the only being capable of loving him would be a creature equally horrifying as himself. Frankenstein initially refuses to comply with the demand because of guilt he already feels for the evil his monster has done. Eventually moved to pity, Frankenstein agrees to design a female on the grounds that she and her mate will "quit the neighbourhood of man" and never be seen again (Shelley 144). Victor partially completes the project before he "[tears] the thing to pieces," reasoning that he cannot have any part of making another creature who, like her mate, could become a "curse upon mankind" (Shelley 144-145). His decision seems noble to the reader, as we... ...ect mankind, but rather a wish to keep order in the masculine world. Destroying the female monster ensures that there is no feminine force created the male counterpart cannot combat, be that Victor or the monster. The female monster is a symbol in Frankenstein of an unstoppable feminine force. Only through the demise of such a character is Victor Frankenstein assured that he has not allowed that force to commandeer the control he and mankind have over femininity. Works Cited Kiely, Robert. The Romantic Novel in England, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1972. Liggins, Emma 2000. 'The Medical Gaze and the Female Corpse: Looking at Bodies in Shelley's Frankenstein' Studies in the Novel, number 32: 129-146 Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. Ed. D.L. Macdonald and Kathleen Scherf. Peterborough: Broadview Press, 1994.

The Life Of Sylvia Plath :: essays research papers fc

The Life of Sylvia Plath Sylvia Plath's life, like her manic depression, constantly jumped between Heaven and Hell. Her seemingly perfect exterior hid a turbulent and deeply troubled spirit. A closer look at her childhood and personal experiences removes some element of mystery from her writings. One central character to Sylvia Plath's poems is her father, Professor Otto Emile Plath. Otto Plath was diabetic and refused to stay away from foods restricted by his doctor. As a result , he developed a sore on his left foot. Professor Plath ignored the sore, and eventually the foot was overcome with gangrene. The foot and then the entire left leg were amputated in an effort to save his life, but he died in November of 1940, when Sylvia was just eight years old. The fact that her father could have prevented his death left Sylvia Plath with a feeling of deliberate betrayal. Instead of reaching out to other people for comfort, she isolated herself with writing as her only expressive outlet, and remarkably had a poem published when she was only eight. Plath continued prolific writing through high school and won a scholarship to Smith College in 1950 where she met her friend Anne Sexton. Sexton often joined Plath for martinis at the Ritz where they shared poetry and intellectualized discussions about death. Although they were friends, there was also an element of competition between Sexton and Plath. Sylvia Plath's poem " Daddy" was possibly a response to Anne Sexton's "My Friend, My Friend." It was as if Plath was commenting that her writing skills were just a bit better than Sexton's. Sexton frequently would express to Robert Lowell in his poetry class her dissatisfaction with Plath's writing. She said that Plath "dodges the point in her poetry and hadn't yet found the form that belonged to her." The competitive nature of their relationship continued to the very end. To all appearences, Plath appeared normal, her social life similar to other middle class coeds.Many were attracted to Plath's brilliant mind, but few were aware of the inner torment that drove her to write, alienating her from the rest of society. Madamoiselle magazine awarded Plath a position as guest editor the summer following her junior year at Smith. Friends and family were stunned at her suicide attempt when she returned to college, most believing she had suffered a nervous breakdown due to the stress at the magazine. Her treatment was considered the best the medical world could offer and included electro-shock and psychotherapies. Plath tells her side of the story in the poem Lady Lazarus where she likens her experience to a victim of the Holocaust.

Government Intervention Essay

Discuss the case for and against government intervention in an economy. In most of the countries, the government has intervened in the market system. To some extent there is a dire need of government intervention in the market system, although there is a debate over this point among the economists. Many economists believe that the role of government intervention improves the market system. The government can easily enforce the rules that can help in the smooth functioning of the market system. On the other hand, there are economists who believe that government interventions in a market system are the reason of inefficiency in the system. There are some goods that underprovided and underconsumed. Such goods are cold merit goods. They can be defined in terms of their externality effects and also in terms of informational problems facing the consumer. A merit good is a product that society values and judges that everyone should have regardless of whether an individual wants them. In this sense, the government is acting paternally in providing merit goods and services. They believe that individuals may not act in their own best interest in part because of imperfect information about the benefits that can be derived. Good examples of merit goods include health services, education, and work training programmes. Why does the government provide merit goods and services? * To encourage consumption so that some of the positive externalities associated with merit goods can be achieved * To overcome the information failures linked to merit goods, not least when the longer-term private benefit of consumption is greater than the shorter-term benefit of consumption * On grounds of equity – because the government believes that consumption should not be based solely on the grounds of ability to pay for a good or service Education is an example of a merit good. Education should provide a number of external benefits that might not be taken into account by the free market. These include rising incomes and productivity for current and future generations; an increase in the occupational mobility of the labour force which should help to reduce unemployment and therefore reduce welfare spending. However, there are some goods which are thought to be ‘bad’ for you. They are cold demerit goods. Examples include the costs arising from consumption of alcohol, cigarettes and drugs together with the social effects of addiction to gambling. The consumption of demerit goods can lead to negative externalities. The government seeks to reduce consumption of demerit goods. Consumers may be unaware of the negative externalities that these goods create – they have imperfect information about long-term damage to their own health. The government may decide to intervene in the market for demerit goods and impose taxes on producers and / or consumers. Higher taxes cause prices to rise and should lead to a fall in demand. However high taxes increase unemployment because firms may relocate abroad increases cost of production for firms making the less competitive to firms in another countries where no tax is applied. But many economists argue that taxation is an ineffective and inequitable way of curbing the consumption of drugs and gambling particularly for those affected by addiction. Banning consumption through regulation may reduce demand, but risks creating secondary (illegal) or underground markets in the product. Market failure with demerit goods – the free market may fail to take into account the negative externalities of consumption because the social cost is less then private cost. Consumers too may experience imperfect information about the long term costs to themselves of consuming products deemed to be demerit goods. The social optimal level of consumption would be Q3 – the output that takes into account the information failure of consumers and also the negative externalities. One way to solve this problem is to try to remove the information failure. Information deficits can often lead to a misallocation of resources and hence the possibility of market failure. Information failure occurs when people have inaccurate, incomplete, uncertain or misunderstood data and so make potentially ‘wrong’ choices. Government action can have a role in improving information to help consumers and producers value the ‘true’ cost and/or benefit of a good or service. Examples might include: * Compulsory labeling on cigarette packages with health warnings to reduce smoking * Improved nutritional information on foods to counter the risks of growing obesity * Anti speeding television advertising to reduce road accidents and advertising campaigns to raise awareness of the risks of drink-driving * Advertising health screening programmes / information campaigns on the dangers of addiction Another dvantage of government intervention is the national minimum wage. The national minimum wage was introduced into the UK in 1999. It is an intervention in the labour market designed to increase the pay of lower-paid workers and thereby influence the distribution of income in society. In October 2005, the value of the minimum wage for adults was ? 5. 05 – following a series of small increases over recent years. The main aims of the minimum wage 1. The equity justification: That every job should offer a fair rate of pay commensurate with the skills and experience of an employee 2. Labour market incentives: The NMW is designed to improve the incentives for people to start looking for work – thereby boosting the economy’s available labour supply 3. Labour market discrimination: The NMW is a tool designed to offset some of the effects of persistent discrimination of many low-paid female workers and younger employees A diagram showing the possible effects of a minimum wage is shown above. The market equilibrium wage for this particular labour market is at W1 (where demand = supply). If the minimum wage is set at Wmin, there will be an excess supply of labour equal to E3 – E2 because the supply of labour will expand (more workers will be willing and able to offer themselves for work at the higher wage than before) but there is a risk that the demand for workers from employers (businesses) will contract if the minimum wage is introduced. Although all political parties are now committed to keeping the minimum wage, there are still plenty of economists who believe that setting a pay floor represents a distortion to the way the labour market works because it reduces the flexibility of the labour market 1. Competitiveness and Jobs: Firstly a minimum wage may cost jobs because a rise in labour costs makes it more expensive to employ people and higher labour costs might damage the international competitiveness of British producers. To the extent that rising unemployment worsens the living standards of those affected it has a negative impact on poverty. 2. Effect on relative poverty: Is the minimum wage the most effective policy to reduce relative poverty? There is evidence that it tends to boost the incomes of middle-income households where more than one household member is lready in work whereas the greatest risk of relative poverty is among the unemployed, elderly and single parent families where the parent is not employed. Government intervenes to stabilise farmer’s income and reduce price fluctuations using buffer stock schemes. The prices of agricultural products tend to fluctuate more violently than the price of manufactured products and services. This is largely due to the volatility in the supply of agricultural products coupled with the fact that demand and supply are price inelastic. Buffer stock schemes seek to stabilise the market price of agricultural products by buying up supplies of the product when harvests are plentiful and selling stocks of the product onto the market when supplies are low. The supply curves S1 and S2 represent the supply of wheat at the end of two different seasons. Supply is perfectly inelastic since farmers cannot change the quantity supplied onto the market post harvest. The organisation wishes to keep price fluctuations within a certain band: it will not allow the price of the product to rise above P max or to fall below P min. Assume that in one particular year there is a bumper harvest so that S1 is supplied onto the market. In absence of any intervention the market price would drop below P min, so the organisation buys up AB of the product to increase the market price up to P min. In the next year bad weather may result in a poor harvest so that only S2 is supplied. The market price would rise above the maximum permitted by the organisation, so the organisation sells CD of its stocks onto the market to reduce the price to P max. In contrast buffer stocks do not often work well in practice. Perishable items can not be stored for long periods of time and can therefore be immediately ruled out of buffer stock schemes. There are also high administrative and storage costs to be considered. Also education or healh sphere can suffer. The economists have a mixed view about the importance and effects of government intervention in the market system, it can be said that government interventions should aim at working with the market system that is already existing rather than implementing policies that make great changes. If the government intervention is such that it introduces inefficiencies greater than rationalizing the entire market system, there is a threat of damaging the economy. The distorted government intervention can lead to consumer dissatisfaction and higher costs. Most of the economists are of the view that government interventions should be facilitating in nature rather than having a direct control over the market.

Buddhism in East Asia Essay

Many people will choose Confucianism as the most important factor in understating East Asian culture. Confucianism, indeed, is crucial in understanding the culture. However, one should not overlook the influence of Buddhism on Confucianism and many areas of East Asian culture. Buddhism, one of the world’s oldest religions and a philosophy, is shared by East Asian countries, thus in order to fully appreciate the East Asian culture, one should learn about Buddhism and its significant influence on the culture. This paper will discuss Buddhism shared by East Asian culture and how the religion played an enormous role in shaping the mindset of people affecting their culture. Buddhism started approximately in the 6th century BCE, starting with the birth of the Buddha in India. The religion then spread through Central Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia (Keown). Among many branches of Buddhism, Mahayana has been diffused from first west, north, and east throughout East Asia (Skilton). The fundamental principles of Mahayana are liberation from suffering and the belief in the existence of Bodhisattva. Bodhisattva is someone who achieved Nirvana, the state of being free from both suffering and the cycle of rebirth (Keown). One can find a carved wood elongated figure of Bodhisattva Guanyin (1999. 13. 0003) from Spurlok Museum, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL . In this wooden figure, Guanyin is barefoot with hair wrapped in knot, wears ornate robes and holds a basket with flowers (Spurlock Museum). One can also find a photo of Bronze Seated Buddha in National Museum at Kyongbok-Kung, Seoul, South Korea (1986. 27. 0017) in Spurlock Museum . These are an important artifact and a photo because one can easily find very similar artifacts of Guanyin or Buddha in China, Korea, and Japan. It shows one how Buddhism was shared by East Asian countries (Yu). Upon first encountering Buddhism, many Chinese scholars regarded it as merely a foreign religion. This caused Buddhism to transform itself into a system that could co-exist within the Chinese way of life. Thus, filial devotion, one of the most valued by Confucianists, in Buddhist teachings became the core texts in China. It further strengthened the Confucian value by claiming that the salvation of an individual was a benefit to the society and family. Therefore, Buddhism could spread well in the Chinese population (Chen). From this point, Buddhism spread to Korea and Japan, and Buddhist ideology began to merge with Confucianism. This caused many Confucian scholars to redefine Confucianism as Neo-Confucianism (Chen). While Neo-Confucianism adapted Buddhist ideas, many Neo-Confucianists strongly opposed Buddhism. Nonetheless, Buddhism offered Confucianism important ideas such as the nature of the soul and the relation of the individual to the cosmos, ideas not explored by Confucianism (Chen). Again, Neo-Confucianism was spread through Korea and Japan, and they were all deeply influenced for more than half a millennium (Chen). Moreover, many other indigenous religions and philosophical systems in East Asia integrated the ideas and teachings of Buddhism, so it came to be a natural part of living. In conclusion, the teachings of Buddhism not only influenced in shaping the mindset of East Asian people, but also affected their philosophy of life.

Intellectual Heritage Essay

Intellectual Heritage is one aspect in my life that I really value most. For one, this helped me in understanding things I wasn’t aware before. It also helped me in dealing with things I haven’t been conscious of like how diverse the philosophy of different people known world-wide are. I can say that this particular program, Intellectual Heritage, somehow made me think of something that I haven’t thought of before. The texts that we have dealt with are more of the Western texts which honestly have made me think of things that I wasn’t able to think before. In the book The Republic, Plato said, â€Å"They will never intentionally receive into their minds false-hood, which is their detestation, and they will love the truth†. This main particular text of Plato have made me think in a different way, in a sense that I had realization when that particular was discussed. Being truthful in different things is quite important because it is a fact universally acknowledged that no one wants deception. Before, I haven’t dealt with much importance on telling the whole truth, and that speaks for most of us, I guess. But after discussing the text in the book The Republic, I have become more sensitive of what lying or dishonesty will bring me. And I can proudly say that it will not and will never bring a positive impact or effect in us. Lying just made us capable of hurting other people. It just makes things complicated and help us not to build a healthy community, rather a decaying one. I began to realize that a lie wouldn’t help anyone in one way or the other. It breaks the bond that people have made without us being conscious of that fact. Moreover, even some of us are aware of the consequences it may bring but opted not to give any attention to that matter. Selfish people lie for their own benefits but what they don’t know is that it causes them to be destructed little by little. As Plato have said, it is a detestation to tell a lie not only for a certain person, but to the whole mankind for that matter. Truth undeniably is what people need. As for my learning, I have learned a lot but the topic about falsehood and truth has a biggest influence to me and definitely changed various perspectives in my life. And in that case, Intellectual heritage as a whole apparently gave me a big opportunity in thinking in a different way, in a way of realizing important matter that life brings yet usually disregarded. In line with the course Intellectual Heritage, I can say that I have experienced a variety of connections between Intellectual Heritage and another course, which is the Philosophy course. Although, Intellectual Heritage is a one of a kind course, I can say that it somehow has a connection in Philosophy because it also deal with different thoughts of different known persons in the world. In Philosophy, we are all aware that it tackles mainly on the philosophical thoughts certain people have. In fact, there are many known philosophical figures even at this point in time. Among others were Socrates and Plato. Socrates, as we all know is the teacher of Plato. Plato, on the other hand is the one who had great influence on Augustine, who was a major shaper of Christian theology. â€Å"A philosophy is a comprehensive system of ideas about human nature and the nature of the reality we live in. It is a guide for living, because the issues it addresses are basic and pervasive, determining the course we take in life and how we treat other people, (William Thomas)†. Basically, Intellectual Heritage and Philosophy deals with similar issues. In Philosophy, it primarily talks about the fundamental nature of existence, of man, and of man’s relationship to existence as a whole. In Intellectual Heritage on the other hand, it is somehow the same. Only, it deals with the main texts of the people who have dealt with the issues in the nature of existence, of man, and of man’s relationship to existence. Although the two courses differ in some way, I can say that it is both helpful in just the same way. It enhances and help me improve my line of thinking, in a sense that I am being critical with the things in my life. I can relate being critical in Philosophy in a way that whenever a certain philosopher has an idea, I first think deeply and asses his beliefs. In that way, I have the opportunity whether to agree with his ore her ideas or not. Intellectual Heritage on the other hand, somehow helped me in focusing intently with the texts presented to me. So as to speak, both of the courses, Intellectual Heritage and Philosophy have a connection in someway that it both benefited me in various ways, especially in the aspect of my critical thinking skills. In this semester, it is evident that we have dealt with many different texts in a rhetorical manner. As for me, I must admit that at first, I had a hard time dealing with this course because I’m not used to deal with rhetoric aspects of things, especially in the texts we have used in this course. But later on, I learned how to cope with the topics being discussed and came to know numerous lessons about the texts we have dealt with. As a whole, the things I learned from the experience of dealing with the rhetorical aspect of the texts discussed were all exceptional. I said that it is exceptional because honestly, the course made me think in ways I have never thought I would be able to. My line of thinking now differs in someway from the line of thinking I have now. I am more critical with the things being laid to me and felt happy about it. In this particular course, I have learned to read with more attention focused in the text I’m reading because deep focus is an evident requirement for this particular course. My reading skills were trained and was improved because of the approach of this course. Another is that I also came to know the essentials in demonstrating verbal argumentation. I realized that in order to survive an argument verbally, one must have a strong conviction in what you stand for. Being able to stand for what you believe in is a powerful evidence that you have a really strong will to win the argument. Also, demonstrating listening skills is one of the main learning I have acquired in this actual course. I learned to listen intently, carefully, keenly, and attentively. Listening skills is very important especially when dealing with the rhetorical aspect of the text because it will help you to understand better what the text is all about. The most essential thing that I have learned in this course is the demonstrating the skills in written communication. We are taught of the necessary things to consider to be able to expound our ideas in the written form and helped us build up our ability to communicate in written form. In general, the lessons I have learned in the experience of dealing in rhetorical aspects of the texts are that one must be able to the essential things in life such us being truthful, courageous, being fair, and the likes. I also learned to be keen in every detail of the texts I am reading so that I will not grasp the wrong idea from the text.

Inflation and Cost-push Factor Essay

Cost-push factor inflation occurs when there is increase in cost of production of an item, which then gets translated into a higher price for that item in the market. Demand-pull factor inflation occurs when there is more money with the consumers compared to the total number of goods available in the market. With too much money chasing too few goods, prices rise because people are willing to pay more for the same item. This type of inflation generally happened when the demand exceeds supply. On the other hand, when prices fall it is known as deflation. However this is more of a theoretical concept as developing countries rarely experience deflation. Inflation in india: A combination of both cost-push and demand-pull factor exist in india. However cost-push factors are more apparent in the post liberalization period. Prices in india basically increase due to an increase in petroleum product prices, primarily because petroleum is vital input in many manufactured items and also an essential fuel for road transport, aviation and even the railways. As transportation costs rise, the prices of other products tend to rise in general. A noteworthy instance of price rise is the demand-pull factors that led to a steep rise in the price of onions in the year 2000, causing an artificial shortage in the market. In india inflation is calculated on the wholesale price index (WPI), representing the increase in wholesale price market. But it differs greatly if calculated on the consumer price index (CPI), which matters more to consumers. However, calculation of inflation is on wholesale price index because they are more or less same throughout the country, while the consumer or retail prices vary across the different regions (rural and urban) and also among different cities, depending on consumer preference for certain products, the supply and the purchase power. Taxes levied by different states also play an important role in the variation of prices of the same product from one state to another. Though wholesale prices rise at a slow pace (2-3%) comparatively, consumer prices tend to rise at a faster rate (8-9%), which is why we feel the pinch. One of the reason for this is the substantial retailer’s margin, which is built into what the consumer pays. Besides, the way the two indices are calculated differ both in terms of weightages assigned to respective products as well as the kind of item included in the basket of products. However, inflation is a necessary evil for developing and developed countries.

Response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Response paper - Essay Example Apart from certain borrowing between some of them, like Judaism, Christianity and Islam on the one hand, and Hinduism and Buddhism on the other, these religious cults have developed a sophisticated vision of the creation, which definitely and firmly departs from the realm of mythology and appertain to the realms of divine and/or philosophy. Given the major differences, in terms of monotheism and polytheism, between those religions, as well as the fact that all of them claim – quite understandably indeed – the divine high ground, it does rather beg the question of how one can discern their true value. Their concepts of the creation could present us with all-important clues in regard to this question. Due to the borrowings between some of those religious cults, as stated earlier, and for the sake of brevity, the following sections discuss only two of them, which are considered prototypes – Judaism and Hinduism. With its stunning array of traditions, which are not embraced by a single holy book or subjugated to a universal dogma, Hinduism hardly resembles an orderly religious cult, but rather a miscellany of things that Hindus consider essential to practice their religion – from astronomy to music and dance1. The four Vedic collections – Rig, Sama, Yajur and Atharva – which are believed to have been composed between 1750 BCE and 1500 BCE as a revealed scripture, consist of four sections each, namely hymns (Samhitas), directions for the performance of the sacred rituals (Brahmanas), the so-called ‘compositions for the forest’ (Aranyakas), and the Upanishads2. The latter are believed to have been composed around 600 BCE and are considered philosophical works which contain truths about the universe and the place of humanity in it3. The beginning of the world, according to Rig-Veda and Atharva-Veda, is seen as follows: â€Å"In the

Transferability of outdoor management development (omd) programmes in Dissertation

Transferability of outdoor management development (omd) programmes in organisations - Dissertation Example eview 15 Introduction 15 Definition of Outdoor Management Development 17 The Framework 18 Outdoor Activities 23 Skills Areas 24 Structure of OMD Programmes 26 Critical Evaluation of OMD Philosophy 27 Usefulness of Outdoor Management Development Activities 29 Gap in Research 34 Summary 35 Research Methodology 37 Introduction 37 Research Philosophies 38 Research Approaches 40 Data Collection Methods 41 Data Analysis Strategy 42 Validity and Reliability 44 Research Ethics 44 Research Limitations 45 Summary 47 Discussion and Analysis 48 Outdoor Activities and Participants 48 Data Collection 48 Steps Involved in the Activities 49 Review Process 49 Results 51 Discussion and Analysis of Results 52 Comments on Leadership Theory and Team-Working 53 Intra-Personal Attitudes 55 Orientation towards Team-Working and Teams 58 Effects on Workplace: Skills Transfer from Outdoor Activities to Workplace Environment 60 Conclusion and Recommendations 67 References 72 Appendix 77 Introduction Outdoor Man agement Development (OMD) is comprised of three components: outdoor environment, experiential learning and workplace behaviour changes. The outdoor environment can be a variety of areas in which OMD programmes can be conducted. The outdoor environment can be provided by the woods, mountains, sea water and so on. The fundamental function of outdoor environment is to facilitate outdoor activities in a neutral environment as it meets first condition to carry out OMD programme. There are numerous outdoor activities that are carried out with different objectives such as psychological safety, emotional intensity, skills development and so on. The outdoor activities include personal development, leadership, team development, stress management, communication, uncertainty management and problem... For these objectives, first conceptual frameworks and different dimensions of outdoor management development were discussed in the literature review. The definition of OMD, skills, outdoor activities, the framework and critical evaluation of OMD were conducted in the literature review part. In the discussion and analysis chapter, the practical research highlighted the different steps and outcomes of the outdoor activities. The key findings revealed that in the entire programme, 47 percent of participants reported positive changes in the workplace behaviour. In the micro-dynamic tasks, 23 percent of participants revealed positive change did occur in the workplace behaviour. However, 52 percent of participants in the macro-dynamic tasks reported neutral changes in the workplace behaviours. Outdoor Management Development (OMD) is comprised of three components: outdoor environment, experiential learning and workplace behaviour changes. The outdoor environment can be a variety of areas in which OMD programmes can be conducted. The outdoor environment can be provided by the woods, mountains, sea water and so on. The fundamental function of outdoor environment is to facilitate outdoor activities in a neutral environment as it meets first condition to carry out OMD programme. There are numerous outdoor activities that are carried out with different objectives such as psychological safety, emotional intensity, skills development and so on. The outdoor activities include personal development, leadership, team development, stress management, communication, uncertainty management and problem solving.

Racism and Hooliganism in English Football Coursework

Racism and Hooliganism in English Football - Coursework Example A questionnaire to assess the perception of racism in football was distributed to football clubs and their spectators in the North East of England, and 10% of these questionnaires were returned. The results of this research seem to demonstrate that racism has little influence and plays a minimal role in the production of hooliganism within English professional football at least as a simple causal agent. Racism - the theory that people of one race are superior to another race, and this theory often results in hostility towards the supposed inferior race, and practices of discrimination (Williams 1991). Hooliganism - Although the exact definition of hooligans is rather open-ended, it can be characterised as violence toward opposing fans, players, and referee's or destruction of objects inside or around the stadium. Violent incidents that occur following a game that fans perpetrate is also often considered acts of hooliganism (University of Leicester 2002). Professional football in England still suffers from incidents, trends and traditions which suggest that racism is very much a part of the game. For instance, comments by individuals involved in playing, managing and mediating football in England are suggestive of an acceptability of racism in and around the game (Metro 2007). This has largely been attributed to Britain's colonial past, where it was common place for racial stereotypes to prevail (University of Leicester 2002). Whilst most of this racism has been targeted towards black players, it is also affecting England's reputation for international matches with its European counterparts (University of Leicester 2002, Giulianotti and Armstrong 2003, Spaaij 2006). The fact that black players and white, but foreign, players are the subject of racist comments shows the at the term "racist" is not as simple as it might at least superficially seem. The black players may be targeted because of their "blackness", while the other foreign players are targeted for their "foreignness": but "black" and "foreign" are not synonymous. Some black players are targeted for racist comments by supposedly 'friendly' supporters, i.e. supporters of the team that the black player is playing on. Added to this mix is the element of "hooliganism" in which the hurling of racial epithets from one group of supporters to another is often the precursor to violence, then a complex situation arises. This situation has further been exploited by right wing groups who use football grounds to distribute their paraphernalia; examples include the 1982 World Cup Finals, where right wing organisers were actively recruiting sympathisers, before and

Media Sex and Violence - Past and Present Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Media Sex and Violence - Past and Present - Essay Example They are interested in shows that satisfy their aggressive nature and thus they turn toward believing violent reports subconsciously. While defining his media theory, Sparks (2009, p.3) asserts that â€Å"Perhaps the effects of media violence are difficult for people to detect in themselves- even though the effects are definitely present.† Negative effects of sex and violence on children Parents and teachers have always been concerned and looking for answers regarding what effects violence and sex in media can imprint on young developing brains. As technology media grows significantly and presents newer and smarter media types, the American youth is the first to get affected thanks to increased availability and affordability of media sources. When the television shows violent programs, then it is to be blamed in mutating the minds of the youngsters from incorruptibility to violence. Violent media arrives with concerns relating to addiction, anxiety, dejection, brutality and ag gression that develop in young minds. Last decade has shown an increase in violence rate among children in the United States and studies show that children are increasingly being treated for anger management thanks to the violent shows and programs shown on television. Children tend to have less-developed ability of decision-making or critical thinking so they cannot realize what is wrong with what they are viewing and their minds learn or absorb every act they see. When a child watches the violent or sexual acts, the energy generated by the fantasy keeps the physical responses from getting expressed. So, when this energy gets its chance, it gets expressed in the real life. Moreover, girls are experiencing very early menstruation and boys are entering into adolescence very early because of being exposed to the bold television shows which hastens their puberty. â€Å"Several longitudinal studies have linked exposure to sex in the media to earlier onset of sexual intercourse†, says Wood (2009). Negative effects of sex and violence on adults â€Å"Research on violent television and ?lms, video games, and music reveals unequivocal evidence that media violence increases the likelihood of aggressive and violent behavior in both immediate and long-term contexts†, assert Anderson et al. (2003, p.81). They further state that violence shown in media is responsible for the development of aggressive behavior and thoughts among the adults (Sics, 2011; Boxer et al., 2009). This can also result in abuse in relationships. Desensitization regarding violence and sex occurs. The physiological arousal that results from sexual content shown by media tends to initiate frustration which then comes out in the form of spouse abuse, rape, homicides, and sexual activities. Research suggests that today, the number of adults watching violent and sexual media through different media sources are increasing day by day and it is frustrating to guess where it will end up. Recomme ndations Media literacy is necessary, both in the adults and the children. In case of children, it is important for the parents to work out some parental mediation interventions so that the children’

Risk in building house Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Risk in building house - Research Paper Example This step will help in simplifying the complex process. This step is also very important and every potential risk must be made note of and it should be dealt with accordingly. There are several risks involved in building a house and one needs to be very cautious not to ignore any risks. This step will facilitate all the other steps and it will decrease the level of uncertainty. This step is one of the most important steps of all, the risks that have been made note of should be dealt with and the best way of dealing with these risks is to have backups or plan B. Plan B is very useful and it again brings down the level of risk. These steps are dependent and one cannot be completed without the support of the other, monitoring is another very important step and if this is not incorporated then the whole process may fail. Monitoring reduces the risks involved in building a house, after the process of planning is completed, it is essential to ensure that the steps decided must be incorporated and this is where monitoring and controlling comes into the picture. Maintaining a risk register is also important and all these steps should be followed when one decides to build a house in order to bring down the level of uncertainty involved in this complicated process. It is integral to divide this perplexing process into two namely Mitigation and contingency. When it comes to receiving the material for the house, it must be ensured that everything is received well before the deadline and a deadline of one week is set. As far as the mitigation is concerned, one must find another vendor should the primary vendor fail to provide the material required to build the house. The weather conditions is another aspect that requires great deal of attention, it must be checked beforehand and it must be made sure that the conditions are ideal for the workers to start the

IT WORKFORCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

IT WORKFORCE - Essay Example Thus, adversely affecting the business The paper B1 talked about the ethical issue of whether an IT officer should access and read his colleagues and companys private information just because he is the one managing the network? Such an issue is a major concern to the business and its other employees as it needs to know that it has entrusted its information and that of its other employees to a morally responsible IT personnel. The company, therefore, decides to draw up an ethical policy to regulate the operations of the IT officer and to ensure the security of the clients, employees and companys information. The company will thus hold liable the person who breaks the privacy rules of any of its parties. The overall goal of setting up the privacy policy is for the company to create an environment of trust and security. Such an environment creates an atmosphere of reassurance to the parties involved because they know that any person who breaks such a rule is held responsible. The policy will thus serve as a guide to IT officers conduct within the business premises. "Effective ethics is a team effort involving the participation and support of every Company employee" (Institute, 2014). All employees have an obligation to know the ethics Privacy guidelines set by the company. A security scope defines who has a right to access what information within an organization. The ethical privacy policy applies to all the parties involved in the operations and actualization of the business goals. The IT officers the primary party affected by this policy, and who should adhere to this policy. The employees, management, and other consultants are secondary parties. They should also adhere to this policy by ensuring they do not interfere in any way with the companys network settings, either by hacking the business security system or by using the network to access information on their colleagues or companys computers. c. The IT

Short Stories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Short Stories - Essay Example Louise Mallard is portrayed as a delicate individual as a result of her heart condition who seems to be in a happy marriage with her husband. Her ability to accept the bad news concerning her husband’s death and her need to be alone in order to deal with it shows that she is not only a strong woman, but also one who prefers her independence. The thoughts that she has about her husband are based on their good times that they had together and the love that he openly showed her. Her memories of these events lead her to sob over his death because she realizes that her life is never going to be the same. As she is weeping for her husband, Louise looks at the sky and sees it covered with clouds that have patches of blue showing through. The clouds symbolize the grief through which she is undergoing and the patches of blue in the sky are used to show the hope that she will be able to move on and come to enjoy her life than she had before. However, Louise also starts thinking of the potential freedom that she is going to have as a result of her husband’s death. She comes to realize that she no longer has to live according to the whims of her husband but in her own terms; a realization that allows her to het over her grief swiftly. Louise comes to have hope in her life and this is through her belief that because she is still young, she has a long time in which to live the way she wants. This belief in her new found freedom is a reflection of her possibly having been in a marriage that did not make her happy even though her husband loved her. This is exemplified through the statement â€Å"And yet she had loved him—sometimes†, one that shows that she might not have married for love but out of convenience. This story ends up being ironical because despite Louise’s expectation to live the rest of her life in her new found freedom, she is not able to accomplish her dreams. This is because in her husband ends up being alive and well and when she sees

Joseph Hellers Catch 22 and Joan Littlewoods Oh! What a Lovely War Essay Example for Free

Joseph Hellers Catch 22 and Joan Littlewoods Oh! What a Lovely War Essay Compare the ways in which figures of authority are portrayed in Joseph Hellers Catch 22 and Joan Littlewoods Oh! What a Lovely War. Both Catch 22 and Oh! What a Lovely War are satirical comedies looking at the absurdity and tragedy of war. Being satires, they serve to expose the flaws in wartime situations and in doing so often develop criticisms of authoritative figures. Both texts approach the portrayal of authority in slightly different ways; being a play, Oh! What a Lovely War has a lot more scope for portraying its characters visually and aurally, whereas Catch 22 must work within its boundaries as a novel. Both texts employ humour to portray characters of authority; whereas Littlewoods play is more focused on dark humour, Heller uses his own brand of absurd irony throughout the novel this humour is central to most techniques used in both pieces of literature. Both texts were written in the 1960s, (Catch 22 was published in 1961 whilst Littlewoods play was performed two years later) an era synonymous with the development of youth culture and radical change. Although Catch 22 was initially snubbed by many of its critics, the novel found its readership amongst the emerging generation of men and women who were fiercely opposed to the Vietnam war. Littlewood did not face the same hostility in 1963 when Oh! What a Lovely War was first shown to the public. Performed by the Theatre Workshop a company she had co-created the play was warmly received by the audience and critics alike. Despite their different reactions, both texts were on the cutting edge of anti-war sentiment and continue to be modern classics. Although the texts focus on different wars and different perspectives (Littlewoods play explores World War One from a primarily British perspective and Hellers novel is an American outlook on World War Two) their main themes are similar. Both texts are exploring the tragedy of war, the utter absurdity of it, the thirst for power and money war brings, and the ignorance of authoritative organisations. Figures of authority are numerous in both pieces, and do not only include the upper ranks (such as Generals, Field Marshalls and Colonels) but also the representations of business and religious organisations, for they too can be viewed as having authoritative roles in society, especially in wartime. One technique used by both authors is a demonstration of the lack of communication between commanding powers. Littlewoods portrayal of the allied army leaders is very effective in signalling how inefficient they are at communicating with one another. The French General Lanzerac and British Field Marshall French do not even speak the same language, and Frenchs unwillingness to do so reveals the total futility and worthlessness of their meeting: Aide: Do you think I ought to organise an interpreter? French: Dont be ridiculous Wilson; the essential problem at the moment is the utmost secrecy.(p21) In this scene the obsession with secrecy over commonsense negotiations shows us how inefficient the allied army authorities are, and the analogy of the different languages spoken serves to demonstrate the complete lack of communication amongst authoritative powers that hold the fate of thousands in their hands. In the same way, Catch 22 looks at the problem of communication within the upper ranks. The call General Peckam receives from Ex P.C Wintergreen the sole words being T.S. Elliot'(sic) has no hidden meaning but is interpreted in an absurd way; Perhaps its a new code or something, like the colors of the day. Why dont you check with Communications and see if its a new code or something or the colors of the day? (p45). This sentence also shows us some insight into General Peckams intellect, which doesnt seem to be substantial demonstrated by the repetition and imprecision of speech. Another example of these communicative difficulties is the case of Major Major who receives documents to sign, which have his signature already. The squabbling within the upper ranks is evident in both texts and serves to show us the pettiness and idiocy of figures of authority. There are many instances in Catch 22 where the Generals are engaged in sneaky tricks against one another. General Dreedles hatred of his son-in-law Colonel Moodus for example, inspires him to keep a beautiful nurse just to torment him with, and the Great Loyalty Oath Crusade1 is started by Captain Black in an attempt to avenge himself on Major Major (who gained the promotion Captain Black was waiting for). Similarly in Oh! What a Lovely War, the Belgian, British and French army officials are at odds with one another. The Belgian army are in a sorry state, the French are angry at the British, and the British refuse to believe they have any responsibility in the war; Were not here under any obligation French persists in telling Lanzerac. The heated discussion only ends when Lanzerac is offered a medal on behalf of the King of England. This gesture pleases the General, who kisses French on both cheeks and leaves, suggesting that the upper ranks of the army are only interested in recognition and promotion. This is a very powerful notion in Catch 22, in which key characters such as Colonel Korn and Colonel Cathcart will do everything in their power to be promoted. Cathcart says of his ambition: What else have we got to do? Everyone teaches us to aspire to higher things. A general is higher than a colonel and a colonel is higher than a lieutenant colonel. So were both aspiring (p450). One of the most important aspects of both texts is how different the experience of war is for the upper ranks and the ordinary men. The inability of authoritative figures to understand the realities of war and their cruel, seemingly deliberate ignorance in many situations is demonstrated in a number of key scenes. An important example of this in Oh! What a Lovely War is on pages 50/51 where a commanding officer reveals his detachment from ordinary trench life, and his unawareness of the death that surrounds the men every day; Ye Gods! Whats that? he asks the Lieutenant upon encountering a German limb that holds up the parapet, immediately telling the men to get rid of it as soon as possible. The Sergeants response reveals how clueless those in authority are to the brutalities of war: Heads, trunks, blood all over the place, and all hes worried about is a damned leg. This warped, uninformed sense of priority and general detachment is evident in Catch 22, especially within Colonel Cathcarts storyline. Hellers novel is jumbled chronologically, but one dependable indication of time is the number of missions the men are forced to fly under Cathcarts orders, which steadily increases as the story progresses. What is simply a number for the colonel is a very real death threat to the men of his squadron, many of whom reach the target just as the missions increase. Cathcart raises them for purely selfish reasons he hopes to gain recognition for his squadrons record and receive a promotion. The Colonels constant cry of Doesnt he know theres a war going on when Yossarian refuses to fly further missions is one of Hellers brilliant lines of absurd irony, as it relates directly to the figures of authority in the novel. They seem to be playing an insane game, unaware of how their actions affect the men they themselves dont realise theyre fighting a war. Other instances of differences between upper and lower rank men can be found in both texts. The final scene of Oh! What a Lovely War portrays the men as lambs to the slaughter at the order of their glory-obsessed officer, and we find them shouting Baaa baaa baaa (p86) as they advance towards the guns. In Catch 22 the Colonels are amazed that the ordinary men worship the same God as them, and after the revelation from the Chaplain refuse to believe it saying What nonsense! Does he expect us to believe that? and Chaplain, arent you stretching things a bit far now?(p407). A noticeable aspect of both texts is the portrayal of other key figures of authority primarily those of big business and religion. Where Littlewood is severely critical of both, Heller holds some sympathy for his character the Chaplain (a representation of religion). Common to both writers is a disgust toward capitalists who exploit war for their own commercial gain. The munitions manufacturers in Oh! What a Lovely War are introduced on stage as members of a shooting party, an ironic analogy highlighting the part they play in the destruction of so many young men. They discuss the peace scares that threaten their income, and congratulate one another for their inhuman schemes in money making: Britain: German chappies were caught on their own barbed wire?.Dashed clever. (p46) In the same way, the character Milo Minderbinder in Catch 22 exposes the lack of morals and boundaries capitalism creates in wartime. His collaboration with the enemy goes unnoticed due to his profit-making, and he even ends up bombing his own men and planes as part of a German contract; If I can persuade the Germans to pay me a thousand dollars for every plane I shoot down, why shouldnt I?'(p273) he tells Yossarian. The forces of religious belief in Littlewoods play are greeted with hostility as tools for the war propaganda machine, who support the war effort rather than fighting for the rights of the soldiers; Chaplain: it is no longer a sin to labour for war on the Sabbaththe Chief Rabbi has absolved your Jewish brethren from abstaining from pork in the trenches. (p77) Religion is portrayed in a slightly more sympathetic light in Hellers novel. The Chaplain is the only character who really connects with Yossarian, and his efforts to help dissuade the Generals from raising the number of missions proves a real commitment and solidarity to the squadron. He is rejected from the Officers Hall and treated disrespectfully by the Colonels, showing us that even Christianity is powerless in the face of such frighteningly stubborn authority. Another key theme of both texts is the portrayal of war as a game, or as something frivolous and light-hearted by those in authority. The very form of Oh! What a Lovely War is as a musical show, with song and dance. Key song titles include Ill make a man out of you and the grand finale track Oh its a lovely war which paints the text as a Broadway extravaganza rather than a harrowing look at battle. This technique is very effective in creating a bitter and attacking tone towards authoritative powers especially considering the nature of the opening scene. In a circus like frenzy the MC brings on the players of the war game; France, Germany, Austria, Ireland, Great Britain and Russia. This structural difference between the play and Catch 22 means that Oh! What a Lovely War parodies authority more consistently. Littlewood constructed the play as a show, so the ability of characters in power to undermine the seriousness of war is endless. The War Game is a classic example of this, as is the grouse-shooting party which consists of munitions manufacturers from the key nations involved in war. Other techniques were available to Littlewood lyrically bitter songs and the use of slides as an accompaniment to the speech, which both served as attacking forces against the power of authority in the play. Examples of this can be found in song titles such as If the sergeant steals your rum and ironic lyrics like with our old commander, safely in the rear in the hymn Onward Christian Soldiers. The use of slides and the newspanel is used on many occasions as a reinforcement of the ignorance seen in authoritative men such as Haig: Newspanel: BY NOV 1916 TWO AND A HALF MILLION MEN KILLED ON WESTERN FRONT Haig: I thank you, God; the attack is a great success. (p78) They are also used comically to outline the stupidity of the Generals: British Admiral: Have you got a plan? British General: Of course. Slide 5: A blank British Admiral: Yes, I thought so. (p6) In a structural sense, the techniques available to Heller with which to parody authority are much more limited. In a novel, all character representations are formed with literary descriptions and cannot rely on visual or aural aids like a play. His technique of storytelling is not as varied or spectacular as Littlewoods, but the effects of his bizarre plots are as successful in criticising authoritative powers as the use of slides and song in Oh! What a Lovely War. Colonel Cathcarts bombing pattern is a sufficient example of this and bears comparison with the War Game approach by Littlewood. Disregarding the fact that men are risking their lives on the insane bombardier missions they are forced to fly, Cathcarts sole concern is whether their bombs create an aesthetically pleasing pattern from the air We didnt get the bridge he tells Milo whilst recalling a previous mission, but we did have a beautiful bomb pattern. I remember General Peckam commenting on it. (p The episodic form of both texts may disrupt the sense of progression, but it is noticeable that the tone of both pieces of literature changes as they near completion. The bitterness towards authority increases, and humour is more often interspersed with moments of seriousness and tragedy. In Act Two of Littlewoods play, a moment of chaos reaches a serious climax with the juxtaposition of Haig and the British Generals telephone conversations against a background of men singing They were only playing leapfrog. The two men speak simultaneously in broken sentences until Haigs final comment No, you must reserve the artillery; we are using too many shells is uttered at the same time as the Generals last words, Night has fallen. The clouds are gathering. The men are lost somewhere in no mans land. This uncharacteristically sombre moment is shocking and serves to signpost the ignorance and inhumanity of Haig in times of crisis. In a similar way the absurd force of bureaucracy in Hellers novel borders on seriousness when Don Daneeka is recorded as killed and remains dead due to the power of paperwork. His presence in the novel is a tragic reminder of the madness of war, and his character becomes a living ghost, the sacks under his eyes turned hollow and black, and he padded through the shadows fruitlessly like an ubiquitous spookthen, only then, did he realize that, to all intents and purposes, he really was dead. (p366) The endings of both texts leave the reader with a slightly different outlook of authority and war. Whereas Oh! What a Lovely War finishes as it started, with a grand song in the traditional musical style, Catch 22 is much more subdued and understated. Both endings tell us something about the intention of the author, and of their opinion on the subject of war and authority. Littlewood wants to leave the audience feeling embittered and slightly outraged at the notion of the Great War as a show, in order to demonstrate the atrocities committed by those in authority against the ordinary men. The final songs Chanson de Craonne, I dont want to be a Soldier, And when they ask us, and Oh its a lovely war express both comic elements (Id rather stay at home and live off the earnings of a lady typist) and the tragic undertones that run throughout the play (I dont want a bayonet in my belly). Although these final songs are more preoccupied with the tragedy and futility of warfare, their tone is still bitter towards commanding powers such as the King and the Generals who promised them a lovely war, and described the life of a soldier as the cushiest job they would ever have. The cause of this great tragedy is clearly explained in Littlewoods play as a direct result of the ignorance and greed of commanding powers, in particular the European Empires and Haig, along with his circle of title-seeking aristocrats. Within the play there are other specific objects of blame; firstly the British Generals, Field Marshall French, and the British Aristocracy. Other possible areas of criticism lie in the portrayal of religion, and of the capitalists who profited from the war. Oh! What a Lovely War is a text very much favouring the ordinary soldiers, all of whom are represented as decent, kind-hearted, and spirited young men. These soldiers are the victims of authoritative powers, they are the lambs going to slaughter, and the grouse at the shooting party. Littlewood is not vague or subtle in her attack of the commanding men, and portrays them as idiots, fat cats and cowards. She intends to show us that they were the main cause of madness in wartime, and that these men of authority should be held to blame for the destruction of a generation. The conclusion of Catch 22 is quite different, and ends with the spontaneous attempt by Yossarian to run away from the military base. Hellers ending is a very interesting final act of defiance for his character, against the powers of authority in the novel. Despite having an easy route out of the air force a simple but dishonest deal with Colonel Cathcart and Colonel Korn Yossarian chooses to reject it. The presence of Natelys whore at the very end of the novel, who unsuccessfully tries to stab him, is perhaps an indicator that Yossarian is making the right choice in escaping from the madness and corruption of bureaucracy (the main authoritative force in Catch 22). The specific targeting of key characters is evident in Hellers novel as it was in Oh! What a Lovely War, with the Colonels and Generals (Cathcart, Korn, Dreedle and Peckam among others) being the main hosts for criticism. However, I believe there is a difference between both texts regarding the role authoritative figures play in war. Whereas Littlewood shows us that the commanding men create the chaos due to their own callous stupidity, in Catch 22 the madness of war seems to be a character unto itself. Although the commanding officers are idiotic and dangerously selfish, this insane wartime logic affects most of the ordinary men except for Yossarian and the Chaplain. A good example of this is near the end of the novel when Aarfy one of the men in the squadron rapes and kills a young girl. wYossarians utter horror when he discovers the scene is elevated further with the arrival of the police, who arrest him for being in Rome without a pass, completely ignoring the dead body on the pavement. Aarfys explanation I hardly think theyre going to make too much of a fuss over one poor Italian servant girl, when so many thousands of lives are being lost every day seems to bear a lot of truth. The infuriating authority figures in this novel and the foolish stunts they are engaged in appear to be more a product of war madness than a cause of it. Therefore, although both texts portray figures of authority in similar ways, their intentions are fundamentally different. Littlewood blames the commanding individuals and glorifies the men who were sacrificed under ridiculous orders. Heller looks beyond these small but powerful characters to a greater evil the madness of war and the insane chaos it creates in all; Colonels, Generals, Capitalists and even ordinary soldiers. 1 The Great Loyalty Oath Crusade was created to divert attention towards Captain Black and thus gain him a promotion the men must swear an oath of allegiance to get their pay from the finance officerto have their hair cut by the barbers. (p125)