Monday, January 27, 2020
The Impact of School-Based Health Promotion
The Impact of School-Based Health Promotion Abstract The purpose of this study is to determine effectiveness and influence of Public health campaigns and health information centers in schools. The impact of the public health promotion in schools required an in depth research in which the aim was to investigate how the public health promotion can affect the lifestyle of children which is a life saving factor and due to which many fatal diseases can be avoided. It started by discussing the background of the topic and then goes onto answer specific research questions. The research methodologies will be used and includes a dedicated portion of findings and analysis. The study will be concluded by providing recommendations and devising solutions to problems. The public health care promotion includes various campaigns with the co-operation of WHO. This research study has concentrated on the most broad diseases particularly basic amongst youths, the schools, are the place such infections are the destined to take an ascent. The adjustments in the medicinal services advancement every now and then will be examined in subtle element. In the last part of the paper, the most convenient methods of public health campaigns will be discussed along with its benefits and its concussion on childrenââ¬â¢s health. INTRODUCTION This chapter will be presenting an overview of the research project. Specifically, the problem statement will be discusse, the background of the research along with the significance of the study. Furthermore, the research aims and objectives and research questions will also be identified in this very chapter. The primary target of this examination will be on discovering the effect of the general wellbeing advancement in schools among kids; therefore, the problem statement of this study revolves around â⬠The Impact of the school-based Health Promotion on childrenââ¬â¢s lifestyleâ⬠Background The health promotion and security of children is necessary for the glorious fate of the country. The betterment of the young children is a complex endeavor. It obliges the joined endeavors of the establishments alongside the societal segments. The inclusion of parents, family, schools, media, government organizations, human services experts, postsecondary foundations and the youths themselves is very important. They are responsible to give the support by means of environment and open doors for the better development of the children. The adolescence is the period of life in which the social, mental and the physical changes happen from early age to the middle age. The youths are the significant bit of the UK populace. They are experiencing numerous muddled circumstances. The prosperity of young people speaks to the great soundness of the entire populace. Consequently, it is essential for the parents, educators and social insurance experts to grasp the hugeness of pre-adult wellbeing. T here are a few components that require the direction keeping in mind the end goal to mitigate from the lives of youths. These conditions incorporate smoking, substance ill-use, self-destructive endeavors and pregnancy in the high school. Teenagers need the support of the family, teachers and health awareness suppliers in regards to every issue. Peoples way of life and lifestyle has been going through continuous changes, for instance, the life expectancy even in the UK at birth in 1891 was 44-48yrs and 74-80 by 1996 (ONS, 1996). This reflects the blend of a mixed variety of veridical and coordinated essential human services including general health and health promotion. It is fascinating to realize that way of life difficulties ââ¬â smoking, liquor, high school or eating regimen have been always appraised as most responsible to make individuals health disintegrate basically in heart disease and cancer (Ashton and Seymour, 1993). It is therefore vital to address health promotion and general health mediations identified with changing individual ways of life and behavioral change towards health. Goddard (1995) note that smoking amongst kids (11-15) have been consistently raised i.e from 8% (in 1988) to 12% (in 1994). Since 1986s international union of Childââ¬â¢s health, the idea of health promotion has been set up to ch ange people groups social insurance behavior and practice. As MacBride (2003) says that health promotion alludes to the co-ordinated cooperation of staff and authoritative interests in the boosting of educational, advisory and policy advances relevant to health maintenance and improvement in quality of life (p.3) ââ¬â in other sense this is basically an endeavors catching both parts of health policy and educational interests. In this context, Katz, D. L., Oââ¬â¢Connell (2005) contends that anticipation through instruction, instead of relief, was the most beneficent and efficient course (p.54) From the global point of view, it is imperative to highlight the importance of health promotion report of Lalonde of 1974 ie A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians ââ¬â this has been considered as a first time the government condemning biomedical medicinal services system, appears to be unseemly to promote individuals health and forestall ailments or disease as he proposes social insurance intercessions ought to be coordinated instead of veridical methodology. He recommends that weakness could be tested by coordinating four components human science; nature; way of life; and the association of health awareness ought to be set up to get enduring change people groups medicinal services learning and practice (Bunton and Macdonald 1982). Since the Alma-Ata statement in 1978 and development of Ottawa Charcher in 1986 and HFA by the year 2000 (WHO, 1985), numerous health advancement activities have been occurred over the world ââ¬â mainly focused on societal structures (Naidoo and Wills, 1994). In the meantime, a few reports highlight the part of peopleââ¬â¢s responsibilities and practices for making healthy (DHSS, 1976 ; SHHD, 1977). It is thus critical to perceive ââ¬â promoting healthy way of life through changing environment variables (Lalonde, 1974), centering public health mediation ââ¬âmore on societal model as opposed to institutional-based social insurance model (McKeown, 1971; Naidoo and Wills, 1994) through support and preparation of individuals at diverse levels or divisions (Ottawa Charter, 1986). The essential argument here is numerous health issues including sicknesses would be overseen or averted if the public assume more greater liability for controlling their own particular healthy ways of life (Department of Health, 1987). School health promotion has been utilized as a global health promotion system as it is inarguably the most supportive platform fot the intiation of childrenââ¬â¢s healthcare. WHO reports (2014) that 1:2 youngsters are dying of tobacco related diseases, 5% of all fatalities between the ages of 15 and 29 are owing to liquor use, and > 60% of all new HIV infections happened inside of the same age-groups. Furthermore, The social overview of England 2009 reported that youngsters matured 11 to 15 are more inclined to smoke, try liquor or take drugs. WHO (2014) in this way contends that compelling school health promotion would not just be taken as savvy interests in any countries but also enhance education and health of children and their guardians by avoiding the main causes of premature death, disease and other disorders (cardiovascular ailment, tumor, long-term lung diseases, depression, violence, substance ill-use, wounds, malnutritiion, HIV/AIDS/STI and helminth infections). The health reforms are a chance to enhance the procurement of excellent health support for school-age kids yet there is restricted or disperse evidence of school-based health advancement with respect to childrenââ¬â¢s ways of life. This study along these lines intends to figure out to what degree the school-based health promotion affect in light of youngsters way of life mostly on teenage pregnancy, smoking and alcohol use under the systematic review. Governmental issues and political approaches assume an important part in advancing health and medical professionals have significant influence in the promotion of health. They are seen as agents who identify and advise the students or children for their health benefits. The past records show that absence of information and aptitudes in the territories of general health promotion, variability in general health, no emphasis on populace and no coordinated effort between associations are major factors responsible for ignorance. This can be improved further by understanding the behavior of the related population, as well as their standards and societies and the predominant financial conditions. However, The key points covered in this research and that are the most common problems among youngsters are: â⬠¢Alcohol utilization. â⬠¢Dietary practices. â⬠¢Drug abuse. â⬠¢Hygiene. â⬠¢Depression. â⬠¢Physical action. â⬠¢Teenage pregnancy. â⬠¢Sexual practices. â⬠¢Tobacco utilization. â⬠¢Violence. Health promotion address both essential and auxiliary reasons for a health awareness issue. These battles are significant for the awareness in the overall population and minimizing the spread of issues. At whatever point a social insurance crisis emerges, medicinal services suppliers are in charge of beginning mediations. After the beginning intervention, the health awareness expert assesses the emergency and presents his or her thought to confine such emergency later on. Health promotion models chip away at recognizable proof, history, consequences of a human services issue and have an objective result for the crusade. The UK government has dispatched various health promotion for current health issues. Some of these advancements are for smoke cessation, cancer, child obesity, substance abuse and drinking issues. Case in point, the legislature has reacted to the countrys more than once reported drug issue with a methodology on Decreasing substance abuse among youngsters (Becker, AE, Roberts AL, 2010). The policy highlights the problem by giving statistics of substance abuse related hospital admissions and deaths amongst youngsters. The policy aims to build awareness on harmful impacts of drug abuse on familiesââ¬â¢ lives, and ultimately compel them to overcome their bad habit. Purpose of the Study This research seeks to look into the general health in school going kids, ranging from 11-15. The significance of this study is to identify the impact of school-based health promSotion in children and the factors that can improve their health and wellbeing through campaigns and other promotions. It seeks to answer whether the public health promotion has created a concussion on the school going children and an insight on what ways the children have been affected. This research work will actually help to investigate the dynamics of public health promotion which is supported by several references and guided by the World Health Organization (WHO). Research Aims Objectives The aims and objectives of any research work facilitate the researcher in finding the most relevant and accurate information and eventually drawing out the conclusion. However, the main aim of this study was to assess the impact of the School-based Health Promotion in children Following are the objectives of this study: To investigate the dynamics of School-based health promotion. To examine the impact of School-based health promotion. To gain an insight into the importance of health promotion especially among adolescents, lack of research in this area and the rate with which the diseases are spreading. To summarize findings and make recommendations. Research Questions The research questions of the study basically narrow down the research and help the researcher to achieve the aims and objectives of the research work. Hence, following are the research questions of this study: How the schools and other institutes are bringing improvement in the promotion of the health campaigns and raising awareness amongst school going children, evaluate under the light of WHO and International health standards? The benefits of raising school-based public health awareness and spaces of improvement in this domain? Evaluate the present statistics and compare with the previous statistics of public health awarensess and present new ideas for campaigns that can help eradicate the most common diseases amongst youngsters? Clarify the role of local government and how can the government help raise the awareness? References Becker, AE, Roberts AL, Perloe AB, Asenaca R, Lauren K, Gilman SE, Striegel-Moore RH. Youth health-risk behavior assessment in Fiji: The reliability of Global School-based Student Health Survey content adapted for ethnic Fijian girls. Ethnicity Health 15(2): 181-197, 2010. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20234961. Duncan, C., Jones, K., Moon, G. (1996). Health-related behaviour in context: a multilevel modelling approach.Social Science Medicine,42(6), 817-830. Katz, D. L., Oââ¬â¢Connell, M., Yeh, M. C., Nawaz, H., Njike, V., Anderson, L. M., Task Force on Community Preventive Services. (2005). Public health strategies for preventing and controlling overweight and obesity in school and worksite settings.MMWR Recomm Rep,54(2). Kickbusch, I. (2003). The contribution of the World Health Organization to a new public health and health promotion.American journal of public health,93(3), 383-388. Macdonald, G., Bunton, R. (1992). Discipline or disciplines?.Health promotion: Disciplines and diversity, 6. McBride, C. M., Emmons, K. M., Lipkus, I. M. (2003). Understanding the potential of teachable moments: the case of smoking cessation.Health education research,18(2), 156-170. Michell, L., Amos, A. (1997). Girls, pecking order and smoking.Social Science Medicine,44(12), 1861-1869. Naidoo, J., Wills, J. (2000).Health promotion: foundations for practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. St Leger, L. (2001). Schools, health literacy and public health: possibilities and challenges.Health promotion international,16(2), 197-205..
Sunday, January 19, 2020
Human Sex Trafficking Essay
Close to 800,000 people globally are forcefully moved across their countriesââ¬â¢ borders and sold off to be exploited for various purposes. Most of these are teenage boys and girls including small children as young as 7. Human sex trafficking has been recognized as one of the major catastrophes facing mankind and a great threat to the freedoms of millions worldwide. Though immense steps have been taken by the international community, it is yet to be put to rest. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime has defined human trafficking as including the forceful transportation and harboring of individuals by use of threat or financial payments with an intention of exploiting such individuals. Exploitation in this sense includes ââ¬Å"at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation. â⬠(Cited in Sheldon, 2007, 107). Human sex trafficking includes the forceful initiation of people into prostitution or sex slavery. Children are forcefully recruited into prostitution or driven into early marriages. Human sex trafficking is believed to be a multibillion industry although its expansiveness cannot be fully grasped due to the lack of a clear methodology. Though the reigning perception is that it is a trade that mostly affects the developing countries only, this is untrue. According to the existing accounts, almost each and every country has its own elaborate but intricate system of human sex trafficking. Influx, most of the times, is from the poor countries in Asia, Latin America and Africa then to the developed nations such as the United States. Indeed, according to the U. S. State Department, there are ââ¬Å"approximately 14,000 to 17,000 people trafficked into the united states annually. â⬠(Amy & Stephanie, 2008, 532) In light of these worrisome trends and much pressure from human rights activists, international organizations as well as governments have all stepped up efforts to curb the menace. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime has led the path in this war and a number of high flanking countries have joined these efforts. The United States, due to immense pressure form human rights activists and non-governmental organization, responded swiftly and at the close of the century began pushing other nations to adopt anti- human trafficking laws and policies. The passage of the Victims Protection Act of 2000 led to the establishment of a three tier system that ranks countries in regard to the perceived rates of human trafficking. International organizations such as Office of the Special Representative for Combating the Traffic of Human Beings has been hailed for the major steps it has taken in combating human trafficking in Europe. Indeed, in addition to the United States, EU has also spearheaded campaigns aimed at eradicating human trafficking both in its territory and overseas. In 2002, for example, EU reached an agreement to harmonize the ââ¬Å"policies of the member states in areas such as criminalization, penalties, sanctions, aggravating circumstances, jurisdictions, and extradition. â⬠(Kimberley, 2007, 46). These nations as well as other international organization have vowed to work together with the source countries to help them establish prudent mechanisms of curbing human trafficking. Indeed the issue of human sex trafficking continue to plague the world and mechanisms are still being put into place to alleviate the situation. It is a problem that threatens freedoms of millions worldwide be it in the developed countries which are the destination of the victims or the poverty stricken countries where women and children are sourced from. It is hence a problem that requires a multifaceted approach that has to incorporate all the regions if the situation is to be effectively curbed.
Saturday, January 11, 2020
Life Span Perspectives Essay
There are many beginnings to the study of human development. The study of human developments is a science that strives to discern how people change over time (Berger, 2011). To do this, developmentalists study all types of people from different age groups, ethnicity, culture, background, nationality, income, and sexual orientation, among many other factors. To begin to understand this science, one must start by looking at what is being studied, some of the major theories that shape and guide these studies, and the interaction of heredity and the environment on human development (Berger, 2011). Developmentalists seek to tackle the challenge of defining humans in a way that simultaneously describes the universalities of humans as well as their differences. Because development is not limited, the person is the result of interactions among all the systems known as microsystems, macrosystems, and exosystems (Berger, 2011). Another aspect of development is that it encompasses the changes and uniformities of people. A visionary in the study of development was Urie Bronfenbrenner, who introduced an ecological-systems approach to the study of development (Berger, 2011). The ecological-systems approach recommends that human development should be studied by looking at the interactions and contexts that make up a personââ¬â¢s life. There are three levels that Bronfenbrenner proposes each person is affected by: microsystems, exosystems, and macrosystems (Berger, 2011). Microsystems are described as foundations of the personââ¬â¢s nearby surroundings, while an exosystem is described as the personââ¬â¢s local institutions. For example, a personââ¬â¢s family would constitute a personââ¬â¢s microsystem and their place of work would be their exosystem. A personââ¬â¢s macrosystem is their greater social settings, such as their cultural values and economy (Berger, 2011). Bronfenbrenner understood that development changes over time and, therefore, included two other systems that interact with the original three; the chronosystem and the mesosystem. The chronosystem encompasses theà historical conditions that affect the other systems and the mesosystem consists of the correlations between the three systems or parts of an individual system. In other words, the mesosystem refers to the connections between home and school, communication processes, and macrosystem factors that affect the microsystem (Berger, 2011). Understanding the shared connections between one area of life to another led developmentalists to form five standards that are beneficial for understanding human life at any age. These five characteristics are multidirectional, multicontextual, multicultural, multidisciplinary, and plasticity (Berger, 2011). Development is multidirectional, meaning that change occurs in every direction, with gains and losses, predictable growth, and unexpected transformations being apparent. Every aspect of life, including, intellectual growth, social interactions, and physical health are multidirectional (up, down, constant, or irregular). Additionally, in late adulthood, during old age, people tend to center on the declines rather than the gains, placing a particularly important emphasis on multidirectional change (Berger, 2011). Human lives are multicontextual, meaning life is made up of many situations, including past circumstances, economical limitations, family patterns, and physical surroundings (Berger, 2011). To put it another way, every context has an impact on the person. For example, the paths available to the individual are dependent on the historical and socioeconomic conditions. Developmentalists note that the socioeconomic status of a person greatly affects their opportunities and limitations, advantages and disadvantages, and past history and future prospects, which affect the personââ¬â¢s habits, knowledge, housing, and nutrition (Berger, 2011). The development of humans is influenced by many cultures. The multicultural principle understand that cognition and behavior are affected by the cultural environment, which includes the personââ¬â¢s social group, ethnicity, race, heritage, and even income (Berger, 2011). It is important to note that culture is dynamic, and people are capable of accepting or rejecting culture values. The study of life span and human development isà multidisciplinary; it is interrelated with various fields of academia. While psychology, biology, sociology, and education are major players, other fields such as neuroscience, anthropology, history, and economics play a role as well. (Berger, 2011) Multidisciplinary is important to the study of development because people grow in mind, body, and spirit simultaneously. The final characteristic is plasticity. Plasticity plays a role in the other four characteristics of development. It is an important characteristic because it represents two corresponding aspects of development (Berger, 2011). Plasticity understands that humans are capable of being molded, like plastic, while still maintaining a sturdy identity. Plasticity is affected by both culture and upbringing, as well as genes and other biological influences. The five characteristics led developmentalists to one conclusion: humans are individuals, whether or not they come from the same cohort, culture, or economy (Berger, 2011). Even though scientists have concluded that every person is an individual, there are still many questions about human development left to answer, which led to five major theories of development. Developmental theories offer structure for clarifying the patterns and problems of development. There are several theories of life span development such as the three grand theories: psychoanalytic, behaviorist, and cognitive (Berger, 2011). The grand theories of human development, which explain the collective development and processes throughout the entire life span, began in the field of psychology; observations and clarifications deriving in history, biology, sociology, and anthropology led to the emergent theories. The two emergent theories are not yet as coherent as the grand theories, but they draw on more academic disciplines providing a broader framework than the customary grand theories that rely only on psychology (Berger, 2011). Discussed here are the two emergent theories: sociocultural and epigenetic. The main concept of sociocultural theory is that human development is the result of a dynamic interaction between a person and their society. This concept is based on the idea that the tools and principles for developmentà are provided by not only customs, but society as a whole (Berger, 2011). The pioneer of the sociocultural perspective was a man named Lev Vygotsky. By studying the cognitive competency of his diverse society, he developed a theory of guided participation. Guided participation is a technique in which novices learn through shared involvement of an activity with instruction and the participation of a skilled mentor (Berger, 2011). Sociocultural theory places an emphasis on social interaction in learning. Gauvain (1998) stated, ââ¬Å"cognitive development occurs in, and emerges from, social situationsâ⬠(p.191). Another concept of learning in sociocultural theory is the zone of proximal development (Berger, 2011). The zone of proximal development is the metaphorical zone encompassing a learner that contains all the concepts, skills, and knowledge that the individual is proximal to attaining but cannot yet master without assistance (Berger, 2011). By extension, whether a person is learning a language, social custom, or manual skill, people always learn in the same way, according to sociocultural theory. Although it is true that people do learn in social settings, sociocultural theorists have been criticized for neglecting developmental processes that are not predominantly social (Berger, 2011). Epigenetic theory is centered on the notion that development is influenced by the interaction between genes and the environment. To develop this theory, researchers incorporated many disciplines including biology, chemistry, and genetics (Berger, 2011). Half of epigenetic theory looks at the genetics, referring to the entire genome, and looks at the specific genes that make each person unique and the genes that distinguish humans from other species as well as the genes that all species share. Genes influence all psychological traits as well as mood, metabolism, voice tone, blood type, and much more (Berger, 2011). The other half of epigenetic theory looks at the influence of surrounding factors on genetic expression. These factors are what gives some genes extensive influence while others have no effect (Berger, 2011). As development continues, each person continues along the path established by earlier genetic-environmental interactions, which influences outcomes. According to epigenetic theorists, genes never function alone, their latentà is not realized unless certain epi-factors transpire (Berger, 2011). Furthermore, epigenetic factors also influence groups of people and entire species. One way this happens is through selective adaptation, which is the progression by which humans and other organisms slowly adjust to their environment (Berger, 2011). In other words, over generations, a certain genetic trait in a population will increase or decrease. This depends on whether or not the trait promotes the survival and reproductive capability of that population. The particular environment is what determines which genes are harmful, neutral, or beneficial. According to epigenetic theory, adaptation occurs for all living organisms, regardless of the environment. Unlike sociocultural theory, many facets of epigenetic theory are generally accepted (Berger, 2011). To further explain the interaction of heredity and the environment on human development, one must look further at the role genes play in the development of a person. There are two major contributors to development: the genotype and the phenotype. The genotype is comprised of all the genes of a developing person. The genotype is responsible for the formation of the body and the brain (Berger, 2011). The phenotype is the appearance and behavior manifested in a person. The phenotype is dependent on many genes and the environment, with most traits being polygenic (affected by many genes) and multifactorial (influenced by many factors). Other contributors that influence the phenotype are additive alleles, which can affect height and skin color. Other additive alleles, called epistasis, produce traits that were not previously found in their ancestors (Berger, 2011). Every aspect of human behavior is affected by genes, this includes cognitive and social behavior. Personality and cognitive abilities are affected by many genetic combinations, with the genes relying on the environment for expression. No behavior could exist without genes and without the environment, no gene could be expressed (Berger, 2011). In conclusion, the study of human developments is a science that attempts to understand how people change over time. Developmentalists formed five characteristics that are beneficial for understanding human life at any age:à multidirectional, multicontextual, multicultural, multidisciplinary, and plasticity (Berger, 2011). Additionally, theories of development present introduce organization for understanding the patterns and problems of development. Sociocultural theory suggests that human development is the result of a dynamic interaction between a person and their society, while epigenetic theory is centered on the idea that development is shaped by the interaction between genes and the environment. Every aspect of human behavior is affected by genes and without the environment, no gene could be expressed (Berger, 2011). References Berger, K. S. (2011). The developing person through the life span (8th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. Gauvain, Mary. (1998). Cognitive development in social and cultural context. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 7, 188-192.
Friday, January 3, 2020
No Child Left Behind Creates More Problems for Students...
The No Child Left Behind Act was designed by President George W. Bush in 2001. Although this act seems to be cutting edge and has generated enormous amounts of both controversy and support, this is not the first time American Education has seen such an attempt to improve education. According to the U.S. Department of Education, the purpose of No Child Left Behind is to improve student achievement and change the culture of Americas schools. ?The NCLB Act of 2001, the revised Elementary and Secondary Education Act, is a potent blend of new requirements, incentives and resources and it poses significant challenges for states? (?Education Commission of the States,? 2003). No Child Left Behind laws require that every state must developâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦This system must test students in grades three through eight and ten on their level of proficiency in reading and math. In 2008 there are plans to add science to tests (Wright, 2003). These measures, which are statewide, determine how many students are making Adequate Yearly Progress, or AYP. In other words, those students that are proficient in reading and math are considered to be making AYP. Those that are not passing the tests or are not proficient are considered to not be making Adequate Yearly Progress. At first this appears to be a reasonable measure of student?s abilities. It sounds like it will push both students and teachers to work harder and focus more on student achievement and success. However, as the details of this accountability section of the law unravel it appears to be a lot more complicated. A large part of the problem is who is included when the time comes to count test scores to determine whether or not students are making AYP. No matter what subgroup one comes from they are held responsible making AYP. A subgroup, according to Dennis M Curran (assistant superintendent for Waterford Public Schools in Connecticut) is defined as having at least forty students. Such subg roups include those of African Americans, English As A Second Language students, Hispanics, Economically Disadvantaged students and Students with Disabilities or special education students. These specific categories are defined and discussed within theShow MoreRelatedThe No Child Left Behind Act Of 2001 ( Nclb )1227 Words à |à 5 PagesThe No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) is a United States Act of Congress that is a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, which included Title I, the government s flagship aid program for disadvantaged students. No Child Left behind was enacted with the intent to become a government aid program for disadvantaged students, and eventually raise the general education standards for the United States. 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